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Kusanagi-no-Tsurugi (草薙の剣) is a legendary Japanesesword and one of threeImperial Regalia of Japan. It was originally calledAme-no-Murakumo-no-Tsurugi (天叢雲剣, "Heavenly Sword of Gathering Clouds"), but its name was later changed to the more popularKusanagi-no-Tsurugi ("Grass-Cutting Sword"). In folklore, the sword represents thevirtue ofvalor.[1]
The history of theKusanagi-no-Tsurugi extends into legend. According toKojiki, the godSusanoo encountered a grieving family ofkunitsukami ("gods of the land") headed by Ashinazuchi (足名椎) inIzumo Province. When Susanoo inquired of Ashinazuchi, he told him that his family was being terrorized by the fearsomeYamata no Orochi, an eight-headed serpent ofKoshi, who had consumed seven of the family's eight daughters, and that the creature was coming for his final daughter,Kushinada-hime (奇稲田姫). Susanoo investigated the creature, and after an abortive encounter he returned with a plan to defeat it. In return, he asked for Kushinada-hime's hand in marriage, which was agreed. Transforming her temporarily into a comb (one interpreter reads this section as "using a comb he turns into [masquerades as] Kushinada-hime") to have her company during battle, he detailed his plan into steps.[2]
He instructed that eight vats ofsake (rice wine) be prepared and put on individual platforms positioned behind a fence with eight gates. The monster took the bait and put one of its heads through each gate. With this distraction, Susanoo attacked and slew the beast (with his swordWorochi no Ara-masa),[3] chopping off each head and then proceeded to do the same to the tails.[2] In the fourth tail, he discovered a great sword inside the body of the serpent which he calledAme-no-Murakumo-no-Tsurugi. He presented the sword to the goddessAmaterasu to settle an old grievance.[1] TheNihon Shoki adds more to the story. It says Susanoo hadAme-no-Fuyukinu deliver the sword.[4] A rite atHinomisaki Shrine honors this delivery to this day.[4]
Generations later, during the reign of the 12th EmperorKeikō,Ame-no-Murakumo-no-Tsurugi was given to the great warrior,Yamato Takeru, as part of a pair of gifts given by his aunt,Yamatohime-no-mikoto, the Shrine Maiden ofIse Shrine, to protect her nephew in times of peril.[1]
These gifts came in handy when Yamato Takeru was lured onto an open grassland during a hunting expedition by a treacherous warlord. The lord had fiery arrows loosed to ignite the grass and trap Yamato Takeru in the field so that he would burn to death. He also killed the warrior's horse to prevent his escape. Desperately, Yamato Takeru used theAme-no-Murakumo-no-Tsurugi to cut back the grass and remove fuel from the fire, but in doing so, he discovered that the sword enabled him to control the wind and cause it to move in the direction of his swing. Taking advantage of this magic, Yamato Takeru used his other gift, fire strikers, to enlarge the fire in the direction of the lord and his men, and he used the winds controlled by the sword to sweep the blaze toward them. In triumph, Yamato Takeru renamed the swordKusanagi-no-Tsurugi ("Grass-Cutting Sword") to commemorate his narrow escape and victory. Eventually, Yamato Takeru married and later fell in battle against a monster, after ignoring his wife's advice to take the sword with him.[1]
Although the sword is mentioned in theKojiki, this book is a collection of Japanese myths and is not considered a historical document. The first reliable historical mention of the sword is in theNihon Shoki.[5] Although theNihon Shoki also contains mythological stories that are not considered reliable history, it records some events that were contemporary or nearly contemporary to its writing, and these sections of the book are considered historical. In theNihon Shoki, the Kusanagi was removed from the Imperial palace in 688, and moved toAtsuta Shrine after the sword was blamed for causingEmperor Tenmu to fall ill. Along with thejewel (Yasakani no Magatama) and themirror (Yata no Kagami), it is one of the threeImperial Regalia of Japan, the sword representing the virtue of valor.[6]
Kusanagi is allegedly kept at Atsuta Shrine but is not available for public display.[1] During theEdo period, while performing various repairs and upkeep at Atsuta Shrine, including replacement of the outer wooden box housing the sword, the Shinto priest Matsuoka Masanao claimed to have been one of several priests to have seen the sword. Per his account, "a stone box was inside a wooden box of length 150 cm (59 in), with red clay stuffed into the gap between them. Inside the stone box was a hollowed log of a camphor tree, acting as another box, with an interior lined with gold. Above that was placed a sword. Red clay was also stuffed between the stone box and the camphor tree box. The sword was about 82 cm (32 in) long. Its blade resembled acalamus leaf. The middle of the sword had a thickness from the grip about 18 cm (7.1 in) with an appearance like a fish spine. The sword was fashioned in a white metallic color, and well maintained." After witnessing the sword, the grand priest was banished and the other priests, except for Matsuoka, died from strange diseases. The above account therefore comes from the only survivor, Matsuoka.[7]
InThe Tale of the Heike, a collection of oral stories transcribed in 1371, the sword is lost at sea after the defeat of theHeike in theBattle of Dan-no-ura, a naval battle that ended in the defeat of the Heike clan forces and the childEmperor Antoku at the hands ofMinamoto no Yoshitsune. In the tale, upon hearing of the Navy's defeat, the Emperor's grandmother,Taira no Tokiko, led the Emperor and his entourage to commit suicide by drowning in the waters of the strait, taking with her two of the three Imperial Regalia: the sacred jewel and the sword Kusanagi.[8] The sacred mirror was recovered in extremis when one of the ladies-in-waiting was about to jump with it into the sea.[9] Although the sacred jewel is said to have been found in its casket floating on the waves,Kusanagi was lost forever. Although written about historical events,The Tale of the Heike is a collection of epic poetry passed down orally and written down nearly 200 years after the actual events, so it has questionable reliability as a historical document.
Another story holds that the sword was reportedly stolen again in the sixth century by a monk fromSilla.[9] However, his ship allegedly sank at sea, allowing the sword to wash ashore at Ise, where it was recovered by Shinto priests.
Because no one is allowed to see the sword due to its divinity and Shinto tradition, the exact shape and condition of the sword has not been confirmed. The most recent appearance of the sword was in 2019 when EmperorNaruhitoascended the throne; the sword (as well as the jewelYasakani no Magatama, the Emperor'sprivy seal and theState Seal) were shrouded in packages.
Replicas of the sword were made as early as the 9th century, and the original is entrusted toAtsuta Shrine inNagoya.[10] According to Shinsuke Takenaka of the Institute of Moralogy, a 12th-century replica preserved in the Imperial palace is the one used in coronation ceremonies,[11] probably due to the fragility of the original sword.
TheKusanagi sword is always hidden because of its divinity, and it is put in a box and put up by the chamberlain at the time of theenthronement ceremony. However, the Japanese sword held up by the emperor's chamberlain, which can be seen at various imperial ceremonies, is always close to the emperor as an amulet, and is calledHi no Omashi no Gyoken (昼御座御剣, meaning 'sword of the throne of the daytime').Hi no Omashi no Gyoken has changed over time; at present, twotachi made by swordsmiths Nagamitsu and Yukihira in theKamakura period play the role.[12] Apart from these swords, the Imperial Family owns many swords, which are managed by the Imperial Household Agency. For example, one of theTenka-Goken,Onimaru, is owned by the Imperial Family.
The Japanese crown prince has inherited twotachi,Tsubokiri no Gyoken orTsubokiri no Mitsurugi (壺切御剣, meaning "sword that cut a pot"), andYukihira Gyoken (行平御剣, meaning "sword made by Yukihira"). While theKusanagi sword is forbidden to be seen because of its divinity and is always kept in a box, the Crown Prince's sword is worn by the Crown Prince with the traditional costumesokutai at an official ceremony of the Imperial Household.[13]
TheTsubokiri sword is the most important sword owned by the Crown Prince, given by the Emperor as proof of the official Crown Prince after the ceremony of his inauguration. Its origin is that it was given byEmperor Uda whenEmperor Daigo became Crown Prince in 893, and the present, theTsubokiri sword is the second generation, made in the lateHeian period. TheYukihira sword is atachi made by Yukihira, a swordsmith in theKamakura period, and the Crown Prince inherits it from the Emperor before his inauguration ceremony and wears it in various Imperial events except for theNiiname-sai festival.[13] This Yukihira sword is different from the Emperor'sHi no Omashi no Gyoken.[12]
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Note: some of the existing swords are named after earlier legendary ones. | ||||||