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Waldheim was born inSankt Andrä-Wördern, nearVienna, on 21 December 1918.[3] He was the eldest child of Walter Watzlawik, a schoolmaster ofCzech origin,[4] and his wife Josefine Petrasch.[5] Watzlawik (originalCzech spelling Václavík) changed his name to "Waldheim" that year as theHabsburg monarchy collapsed and eventually rose to become superintendent of schools for theTulln District, attaining the rank ofRegierungsrat (government councillor). Active in theChristian Social Party, he was well regarded as a devoutly Catholic family man.[6] Waldheim and his two younger siblings, a brother, Walther, and a sister, Gerlinde, enjoyed a comfortable middle-class upbringing. From his youth, Waldheim was distinguished by his unusual height of 1.92 m (6 ft 4 in). As agymnasium student inKlosterneuburg, he excelled at languages and was a competent violinist in the school orchestra, also enjoying swimming, boating and tennis.[7]
Although his father wanted him to study medicine, Waldheim had an aversion to the sight of blood, and had already decided to enter the foreign service.[6] In March 1936, theSchuschnigg government passed a law mandating a period of military service for prospective civil servants. Consequently, following his graduation Waldheim volunteered for a 12-month term of enlistment in theAustrian Army, and was posted to the 1st Dragoon Regiment on his 18th birthday.[8] In the autumn of 1937, now an army reservist, Waldheim entered the prestigious Consular Academy in Vienna on a scholarship, where he began his studies in law and diplomacy. Along with his family, Waldheim opposed theGerman annexation of Austria in 1938, and while actively campaigning against it in Vienna was attacked and injured by Austrian Nazis.[9] Following the annexation, Waldheim's father was briefly arrested by the Gestapo and dismissed from his post, while Waldheim's scholarship was cancelled. He managed to continue his studies by working as a Latin and Greek tutor and borrowing funds from relatives.[10]
On 19 August 1944, he marriedElisabeth Ritschel in Vienna; their first daughter, Lieselotte, was born the following year. A son, Gerhard, and another daughter, Christa, followed.
In early 1941, Waldheim was conscripted into theWehrmacht, the armed forces ofNazi Germany, specifically to theHeer (Army), and posted to theEastern Front where he served as a squad leader. In December, he was wounded but returned to service in 1942. His service from 1942 to 1945 was the subject of international review in 1985 and 1986. In his 1985 autobiography, he claimed that he was discharged from further service at the front and, for the remainder of the war, finished his law degree at theUniversity of Vienna, in addition to marrying in 1944.[12] After publication, documents and witnesses came to light that revealed Waldheim's military service continued until 1945, during which time he rose to the rank ofOberleutnant.
Waldheim's functions within the staff of theGerman Army'sGroup E from 1942 until 1945, as determined by the International Commission of Historians,[13] were:
O2 (2nd Assistant Adjutant) to the1b (General Staff Quartermaster) withKampfgruppe West inBosnia in June/August 1942,
Interpreter with the liaison staff attached to the Italian9th Army inTirana in early summer 1942;
O1 (1st Assistant Adjutant) to the1a (General StaffChief of Operations) in the German liaison staff with the Italian11th Army and in the staff of theArmy Group South in Greece in July/October 1943; and
By 1943, Waldheim was serving in the capacity of anaide-de-camp in Army Group E which was headed by GeneralAlexander Löhr, who would be executed as a war criminal in 1947.[14] In 1986, Waldheim said that he had served only as an interpreter and a clerk and had no knowledge either of reprisals against localSerb civilians or of massacres in neighboring provinces of Yugoslavia. He said that he had known some things and was horrified but felt powerless.[12]
Much historical interest has centred on Waldheim's role inOperation Kozara in 1942.[15] According to one post-war investigator, prisoners were routinely shot within only a few hundred metres (yards) of Waldheim's office,[16] and 35 kilometres (22 mi) away at theJasenovac concentration camp. Waldheim later stated that "he did not know about the murder of civilians there".[16]
Waldheim's name appears on theWehrmacht's "honour list" of those responsible for the militarily successful operation. The Nazi puppet state, theIndependent State of Croatia, awarded Waldheim theMedal of the Crown of King Zvonimir in silver with an oak branches cluster.[17] Decades later, during the lobbying for his election as U.N. Secretary General, Yugoslav PresidentJosip Broz Tito, who had led the Yugoslav Partisans during the war, awarded Waldheim one of the highest Yugoslav orders, not knowing the details of his prior military service.[18]
Waldheim denied that he knew war crimes were taking place in Bosnia at the height of the battles between the Nazis and Tito's partisans in 1943.[19] According toEli Rosenbaum, in 1944, Waldheim reviewed and approved a packet ofantisemitic propaganda leaflets to be dropped behind Soviet lines, one of which ended: "Enough of the Jewish war, kill the Jews, come over."[20]
In 1945, Waldheim surrendered to British forces inCarinthia, at which point he said he had fled his command post within Army Group E, where he was serving with General Alexander Löhr.[21]
After finishing his studies in law at theUniversity of Vienna Waldheim joined theAustrian diplomatic service in 1945. Waldheim escaped denazification proceedings, as Austrian governmental forces quashed it, though it would have been required because of Waldheim's memberships in the SA's equestrian unit and in theNSDSB — Nazi Student Association.[22] Thereafter, his diplomatic career could commence.
After losing the presidential election, Waldheim ran forSecretary-General of the United Nations in the1971 selection. Waldheim was supported by 11 votes, including the Soviet Union, and led the first two rounds of voting. The United States and United Kingdom initially supported him in the second round of voting. However, he was vetoed by China in the second round. Waldheim won an accidental victory in the third round of voting when those three permanent members failed to coordinate their vetoes and all abstained.[23] According to Finnish diplomatRisto Hyvärinen, Waldheim's former Nazi connections were already known to the Finnish officials who supportedMax Jakobson for Secretary-General in the election. However, this knowledge was not used against Waldheim, because the Finns believed he would not be chosen anyway due to China having promised to veto him.[24]
On 11 September 1972, Ugandan dictatorIdi Amin sent a telegram to Waldheim, copies of which went toYasser Arafat andGolda Meir. In the telegram, Amin "applauded themassacre of the Israeli Olympic athletes in Munich and said Germany was the most appropriate locale for this because it was where Hitler burned more than six million Jews".[27] Amin also called "to expel Israel from the United Nations and to send all the Israelis to Britain, which bore the guilt for creating the Jewish state".[28] Amidst international protest, "the UN spokesman said [in his daily press conference] it was not the secretary-general's practice to comment on telegrams sent him by heads of government. He added that the secretary-general condemned any form of racial discrimination and genocide."[28]
AfterOperation Entebbe on 7 July 1976 – in which Israeli commandos freed more than 100 Israeli and Jewish passengers held captive inEntebbe Airport (Uganda's main airport) byPopular Front for the Liberation of Palestine andGerman Revolutionary Cells fighters protected by forces of dictatorIdi Amin, and where all the hijackers, three hostages, and 45 Ugandan soldiers were killed – Waldheim described the raid as a "serious violation of the national sovereignty of a United Nations member state".[29]
Waldheim ran for a second term in the1976 UN Secretary-General selection. However, China was still opposed to him, and approached several Third World countries seeking challengers.[30] Outgoing Mexican PresidentLuis Echeverría finally entered the race in October 1976, making Waldheim the only Secretary-General to face a contested re-selection campaign. Waldheim resoundingly defeated Echeverría in the first round of voting. China cast a single symbolic veto against Waldheim in the first round and voted for him in the second round, handing him an easy victory with 14 of 15 votes on the Security Council.[31]
In 1977, Waldheim recorded a greeting for theVoyager Golden Records, a pair of discs containing sounds and images representing the diversity of life and culture on Earth, which were launched into deep space on theVoyager spacecraft. The craft were also inscribed with a written message from then-U.S. PresidentJimmy Carter.[32][33]
Waldheim was the first Secretary-General to visitNorth Korea, in 1979.[34] In 1980, Waldheim flew toIran in an attempt to negotiate the release of theAmerican hostages held inTehran, butAyatollah Khomeini refused to see him.[26] While in Tehran, it was announced that an attempt on Waldheim's life had been foiled. Near the end of his tenure as secretary-general, Waldheim and British popular musicianPaul McCartney organized a series ofconcerts for the People of Kampuchea to helpCambodia recover from the damage done byPol Pot.[35]
Waldheim ran for an unprecedented third full term as Secretary-Generalin the 1981 selection. China was determined to unseat him this time and lined up a strong candidate inSalim Ahmed Salim of Tanzania. In the first round of voting, Waldheim lost to Salim by one vote. However, Salim was vetoed by the United States, while Waldheim was vetoed by China. The veto duel between China and the United States lasted a record 16 rounds. After six weeks of deadlock, Waldheim and Salim both withdrew from the race.Javier Pérez de Cuéllar ofPeru won the selection and succeeded Waldheim as Secretary-General of the United Nations.[36]: 411 The events of 1981 established a customary two-term limit on the office, and no Secretary-General since Waldheim has run for a third term.[37]
Waldheim (2nd from left), with Italian ArmyCorps GeneralErcole Roncaglia (on his right),Wehrmacht Colonel Macholz (on his left) and SS GeneralArtur Phleps (with briefcase) at Podgorica airfield in Montenegro duringCase Black, 22 May 1943. This photograph caused much controversy when it was published while Waldheim was running in the1986 Austrian presidential election.
Waldheim had unsuccessfully sought election asPresident of Austria in 1971, but his second attempt on 8 June 1986 proved successful. During his campaign for the presidency in 1985, what became known internationally as the "Waldheim affair" began. Before thepresidential elections, investigative journalistAlfred Worm revealed in the Austrian weekly news magazineProfil that Waldheim's recently published autobiography had several omissions about his life between 1938 and 1945.[38]
Waldheim had previously claimed to have received amedical discharge after being wounded in winter 1942. His aides at the United Nations even accused theIsraeli mission of spreading rumors that he supported the Nazis. Israeli ambassadorYehuda Zvi Blum denied the charges, saying, "We don't believe Waldheim ever supported the Nazis and we never said he did. We have many differences with him, but that isn't one of them."[39]
A short time later, beginning on 4 March 1986, theWorld Jewish Congress alleged that Waldheim had lied about his service in the mounted corps of theSA and had concealed his service as a special missions staff officer (Ordonnanzoffizier) for Germany'sArmy Group E in Yugoslavia and Greece, from 1942 to 1944, based primarily on captured German wartime records held at the United States National Archives in Washington, DC, and in other archives.[40][41][42] The 23 March 1986 public disclosure by the World Jewish Congress that the organization had unearthed the fact that the United Nations War Crimes Commission concluded after the war that Waldheim was implicated in Nazi mass murder and should be arrested arguably transformed the Waldheim affair into the most sensational of all post-war Nazi scandals.[43]
Waldheim called the allegations, which grew in magnitude in the ensuing months, "pure lies and malicious acts".[44] Nevertheless, he admitted that he had known aboutGerman reprisals: "Yes, I knew. I was horrified. But what could I do? I had either to continue to serve or be executed."[44] He said that he had never fired a shot or even seen a partisan.[44] His former immediate superior at the time stated that Waldheim had "remained confined to a desk".[44] Former Austrian chancellorBruno Kreisky, who was Jewish, denounced the actions of the World Jewish Congress as an "extraordinary infamy",[44] adding that Austrians would not "allow the Jews abroad to ... tell us who should be our President".[44]
Part of the reason for the controversy wasAustria's refusal to address its national role in the Holocaust (many leading Nazis, includingAdolf Hitler, had been born Austrians, and Austria becamepart of the Third Reich). Austria refused to pay compensation to victims of Nazism, and from 1970 onwards refused to investigate Austrian citizens who were senior Nazis.[45] Stolen Jewish art remained public property a generation after the Waldheim affair.[46]
Because the revelations leading to the Waldheim affair came shortly before the presidential election, there has been speculation about the background of the affair. Declassified documents from the U.S.Central Intelligence Agency show that the CIA had been aware of some details of his wartime past since 1945.[47] Information about Waldheim's wartime past was also previously published by a pro-German Austrian newspaper,Salzburger Volksblatt, during the 1971 presidential election campaign, including the claim of an SS membership, but the matter was supposedly regarded as unimportant or even advantageous for the candidate at that time.[48]
In view of the ongoing international controversy, the Austrian government decided to appoint an international committee of historians to examine Waldheim's life between 1938 and 1945. Their report found no evidence of any personal involvement in those crimes.[49] Although Waldheim had stated that he was unaware of any crimes taking place, the committee cited evidence that Waldheim must have known about war crimes.[50] The International Committee in February 1988 concluded that Waldheim had been "in close proximity to some Nazi atrocities, knew they were going on and made no attempt to stop them".[51] The committee also noted that "he only had very minor possibilities to act against the injustices happening".[52]
On 27 April 1987, the United StatesDepartments of Justice andof State announced that evidence amassed in an investigation conducted by the Justice Department'sOffice of Special Investigations (OSI) had established aprima facie case that Waldheim participated in Nazi-sponsored persecution during World War II and therefore that his entry into the United States was prohibited by federal statute. This marked the first time that a head of state had been put on an immigration watchlist.[53][54] The 232-page internal Department of Justice 9 April 1987 investigative report was released in 1994 by that agency, and it is available at the agency's website.[55] The report catalogues evidence that, the U.S. government concluded, proved that Waldheim had taken part in, among other actions: the transfer of civilian prisoners to the SS for exploitation as slave labor; the mass deportation of civilians—including Jews from Greek islands and the town ofBanja Luka,Yugoslavia—toconcentration anddeath camps; the utilization ofantisemiticpropaganda; the mistreatment and execution of Allied prisoners; and reprisal executions of hostages and other civilians.[56]
Additional allegations of participation in Nazi crimes, with citations to captured Nazi documents and other records, were leveled in a 1993 book byEli Rosenbaum, the former U.S. federal prosecutor who had directed the World Jewish Congress investigation that led to theNew York Times' initial exposure of Waldheim's hidden Nazi-era past in 1986. The book also alleged that the Soviet Union was aware of Waldheim's alleged involvement in Nazi crimes and that, after vetoing other candidates in order to get Waldheim installed as U.N. Secretary General in 1972, used that information to extract concessions at the United Nations that facilitated KGB espionage in the United States, and that the CIA's failure to anticipate this possibility was a major failure for the intelligence agency.[57] In a letter to the editor published inForeign Affairs magazine two years after Rosenbaum's book was released, former Finnish ambassador to the U.N.Max Jakobson (one of the candidates whom the USSR had vetoed) wrote, "The Soviets knew everything about Waldheim. That is why they preferred him."[58]
Throughout his term as President (1986–1992), Waldheim was officially deemedpersona non grata by the United States and, officially or informally, by nearly every other nation in the world outside the Arab world.[48][59]
Not all evidence was weighted against Waldheim.Royal Air Force Squadron Leader Bruce Ogilvie was captured in civilian clothing, carrying a stolen German pistol, onLeros, Greece, in 1943, and was taken to Athens along with other prisoners captured under circumstances that might have led to their executions had not Waldheim exchanged their identity tags for those of Allied soldiers killed in action.[60]
In his speech at the cathedral, Federal PresidentHeinz Fischer called Waldheim "a great Austrian" who had been wrongfully accused of having committed war crimes. Fischer also praised Waldheim for his efforts to solve international crises and for his contributions to world peace.[64] At Waldheim's own request, no foreign heads of states or governments were invited to attend his funeral exceptHans-Adam II, the Prince ofLiechtenstein. Also present wasLuis Durnwalder, governor of the Italian province ofSouth Tyrol.Japan andSyria were the only two countries that laid wreaths on his grave.Ban Ki-moon, the secretary-general of the United Nations, issued a message "voicing sadness".[65] In a two-page letter, published posthumously by the Austrian Press Agency the day after he died, Waldheim admitted to making "mistakes" ("but these were certainly not those of a follower let alone an accomplice of a criminal regime") and asked his critics for forgiveness.[66]
^Report of the International Historical Commission of 8 February 1988, section on "Membership in National Socialist Organizations", as cited, e.g., inWaldheim AffäreArchived 25 February 2007 at theWayback Machine. nationalsozialismus.at
^see page 39 ofThe Waldheim Report. Submitted 8 February 1988 to Federal Chancellor Dr. Franz Vranitzky
^Walther-Peer Fellgiebel (2000),Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945. Podzun-Pallas.ISBN3-7909-0284-5
^Kandell, Jonathan (15 June 2007)."Kurt Waldheim".The New York Times. Retrieved7 May 2010.Waldheim took part in, and was decorated for, Operation Kozara, a large-scale antipartisan operation involving mass reprisals – at the rate of 100 executions for every German killed – and mass deportations of Serb women and children to concentration camps.
^"Wir Österreicher wählen, wen wir wollen".Der Spiegel (in German). 14 April 1986.Staatschef Tito überreichte Waldheim trotzdem einen der höchsten jugoslawischen Orden [Anyhow, Tito awarded Waldheim with one of the highest Yugoslav orders].
^"Kurt Waldheim".The Daily Telegraph. London. 15 June 2007. Retrieved7 May 2010.
^Rosenbaum, EM with Hoffer W,Betrayal: The Untold Story of the Kurt Waldheim Investigation and Cover-Up St. Martin's Press, 1993,ISBN0-312-08219-3, p. 338
^Kurz, Rudolf; Collins, James I. Collins; Fleischer, Hagen; Fleming, Gerald; Messerschmidt, Manfred; Vanwelkenhuyzen, Jean; Wallach, Jehuda L. (1993).The Waldheim Report. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 209f.ISBN87-7289-206-4.
^Wiesenthal, Simon (1999) "The Waldheim Case" inContemporary Jewish Writing in Austria. Dagmar Lorenz (ed.). pp. 81–95. University of Nebraska press.ISBN0-8032-2923-2.
Duncan, Evan M., ed. (2004),United Nations, 1969–1972, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, vol. V, Washington: United States Government Printing Office
Herzstein, Robert Edwin (1988).Waldheim: the missing years. New York: William Morrow.ISBN0-87795-959-5.OCLC17484125.
Eli M. Rosenbaum, "The Kurt Waldheim Affair", in Ronald S. Lauder (Foreword) and Menachem Z. Rosensaft (Editor).The World Jewish Congress, 1936–2016, New York: World Jewish Congress LLC, 2017.
Harold H. Tittmann III,The Waldheim Affair: Democracy Subverted. Dunkirk, NY: Olin Frederick, 2000.ISBN0-9672357-4-X.
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