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Kunshan dialect

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Wu Chinese variety spoken in Kunshan
This article is about the Wu Chinese variety of Kunshan. For related languages and dialects, seeWu Chinese.
Kunshanese
崑山閒話 /昆山闲话
khuen-sae ghae-gho
Pronunciation[kʰuən˥sɛ˥˨ɦɛ˩˧ɦo˨˩]
Native toChina
RegionKunshan county
EthnicityWu Chinese-speaking people
Chinese characters
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
ISO 639-6suji
Linguasphere> 79-AAA-dbb >
This article containsIPA phonetic symbols. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbols instead ofUnicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA.

TheKunshan dialect, orKunshanese, is theChinese variety traditionally spoken in the county ofKunshan,Suzhou prefecture.[1][2] It is classified as aNorthern Wu variety closely related to nearbySuzhounese andShanghainese.[1][3] Like other Northern Wu varieties, it has a large phonemic vowel inventory and voiced initials as described in theQieyun System.

As a Northern Wu variety, Kunshanese is mutually intelligible with other Northern Wu varieties, as well asTaizhounese,[4] but not with more distantly related lects such asCantonese,Standard Mandarin, or evenWenzhounese, anotherWu Chinese variety. Note thatKunshan Opera is not performed in Kunshanese, unlike that of nearbyShaoxing;Zhongzhouyun, a Mandarinic rime system, is used instead.

Phonology

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Initials

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Initial consonants[5][6]
 LabialDental/AlveolarAlveolo-palatalVelarGlottal
Nasalmnȵŋ
Plosivetenuisptkʔ
aspiratedpʰtʰkʰ
voicedbdɡ
Affricatetenuiststɕ
aspiratedtsʰtɕʰ
voiceddʑ
Fricativevoicelessfsɕh
voicedvzɦ
Laterall

The/ɦ/ and null initials are often realised similarly, especially in flowing speech.[7]/h/ is at times written as/x/.[5]

Voiced initials only appear with light tone categories, whereas voiceless ones only appear with dark tones.

Finals

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Finals[6][8]
MedialNucleus
∅aɔoɛeiøãənoŋaʔoʔəʔsyllabic
consonant
∅ɿ,ʮaɔoɛeiøãənoŋaʔoʔəʔəl
iiiaiɔɪiãinioŋiaʔiɪʔm
uu,əuuauɛueiuøuãuənuaʔuoʔn
yyyøynyoʔyəʔ

Narrower features are as follows:[9][10]

  • /i/ is often fricated, like inSuzhounese. In other words, there is a sibilance-like "hissing" quality when/i/ is pronounced.
  • /u/ is slightly fronted and may also be labialised into[f̩] or[v̩] depending on the initial.
  • /o/ is often very raised ([o̝]).
  • /ɛ/ is often centralised to[e̞].
  • /ø/ nuclei are at times slightly backed and approach[ɤ].
  • A nasal coda may be heard after an/ã/ nucleus.
  • /iɪʔ/ may be realised as[iəʔ] when following alveolo-palatal, velar, or glottal initials.

Tones

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Kunshanese has seven citation tones and a complex tone sandhi system.

Tone chart
Tone numberWugniu ToneTone nameTone letters
11yin ping (陰平)˥ (55)
22yang ping (陽平)˩˧ (13)
33shang (陰上)˥˨ (52)
45yin qu (陰去)˦˩˨ (412)
56yang qu (陽去)˨˩˧ (213)
67yin ru (陰入)˥ʔ (5)
78yang ru (陽入)˨˧ʔ (23)

References

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Citations

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  1. ^abChe (2005), pp. 1.
  2. ^Wu (2006), pp. 1.
  3. ^Wang (2011), pp. 4.
  4. ^Ruan (2010), pp. 17.
  5. ^abChe (2005), pp. 2.
  6. ^abWu (2006), pp. 5.
  7. ^Wang (2011), pp. 9.
  8. ^Che (2005), pp. 2–3.
  9. ^Che (2005), pp. 3.
  10. ^Wu (2006), pp. 6.

Works cited

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  • Che, Yuqian (2005).昆山方言研究 [A Study on the Kunshan Dialect] (Thesis) (in Simplified Chinese). Soochow University.
  • Wu, Linjuan (2006).昆山方言研究 [The Research about Kunshan Dialect] (Thesis) (in Simplified Chinese). Northwestern Normal University.
  • Wang, Yingxin (2011).昆山方言语音研究 [A Study on the Kunshan Dialect] (Thesis) (in Simplified Chinese). Nanjing University.
  • Ruan, Yongmei (2010). "台州方言在吴语中的内外关系".Journal of Ningbo University (Liberal Arts Edition) (in Simplified Chinese).23 (1).
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