Kunjan Nambiar | |
|---|---|
 Kunchan Nambiar statue in Ambalappuzha | |
| Born | (1705-05-05)5 May 1705 |
| Died | 1770 |
| Occupation | Poet |
Kunchan Nambiar was a prominentMalayalam poet of the 18th century (1705-1770). Apart from being a prolific poet, Nambiar is also famous as the originator of the dance art form ofThullall, most of his works were written for use in Thullal performances. Social criticism wrapped in humour is the hallmark of his works. Nambiar is one of the foremost comedians in Malayalam.
Nambiar was born at[1]Kalakkathu Veedu atKillikkurussimangalam inPalakkad district of the south Indian state ofKerala;.[2] He spent his early childhood atKillikkurussimangalam, his boyhood at Kudamaloor and youth atAmbalappuzha, and learntKalaripayattu andSanskrit from such masters as Mathoor Panickar, Dronaballi Naicker and Nannikod Unni Ravi Kurup, before moving to the court ofMarthanda Varma ofTravancore in 1748; later, he served at the court of his successorDharma Raja.[3] By the time he reached the royal court, he had already established himself as a poet.[note 1] The later part of his life, it is believed that Nambiar returned to Ambalapuzha where he died in 1770, at the age of 65, reportedly due torabies
Many of Nambiar's verses have transformed into proverbs in Malayalam.1. ചെറുപ്പ കാലങ്ങളിലുള്ള SHIലം മറക്കുമോ മാനുഷനുള്ള കാലം (cheruppa kālangalil ulla sheelam marakkumo maanushanulla kālam)
- Translation: How can a man forget habits that he acquired at his young age?
- Closest English equivalent: Old habits die hard
2. ദീപസ്തംഭം മഹാശ്ചര്യം, നമുക്കും കിട്ടണം പണം (dīpastaṃM bhaṃ mahāścaryaṃ namukkuṃ kiṭṭaṇaṃ paṇaṃM)
- Translation: YourDeepa-Stambham (A multi-layered oil lamp) is magnificent, and we too want our share of money.
- Closest English equivalent: When it is a question of money, everyone is of the same religion.
3. മുല്ലപ്പൂമ്പൊടി ഏറ്റു കിടക്കും കല്ലിനും ഉണ്ടാം ഒരു സൗരഭ്യം (mullappūmpoṭi ēṯṯu kiṭakkuṃ kallinuṃ uṇṭāṃ oru saurabhyaṃ)
- Translation: The stone where the pollen of the jasmine flower falls acquires its fragrance.
Kunchan Nambiar is considered by many as the master of Malayalam satirist poetry[5] and is credited with the popularisation of a performing art known asOttan Thullal.[6] The word,thullal, means 'dance/jumping', but under this name Nambiar developed a new style of verse narration, interspersed with occasional background music and dance-like swaying movements. Popular belief is that Nambiar devised this art form for avenging the ridicule he had to suffer from aChakyar Koothu performer who chastised Nambiar when he dozed off while accompanying the koothu performance onMizhavu.[7] He used pure Malayalam[8] as opposed to the stylised andSanskritized Malayalam language of Chakyar Koothu, and adopted many elements fromPadayani andKolam Tullal as well as some of the other local folk arts. There are three kinds of Tullal distinguished on the basis of the performer's costume and the style of rendering, viz.,Ottan,Seethankan andParayan.Dravidianmetres are used throughout although there is a quatrain in aSanskrit metre. Kunchan Nambiar is known to have written 64 thullal stories.[9] He also developed new metres (for example;Vaytari metres) based on the vocal notation for various talas. The language is predominantlyMalayalam with a large admixture of colloquial and dialectal forms.[10]
The Government of Kerala observes Nambiar's birthday, 5 May, asKunchan Day.[11] A society,Kunjan Nambiar Memorial Society, has been established by the government overseas the management of various memorials which includeKunchan Nambiar Smarakam, Nambiar's house in Killikkurussimangalam,[12]Kunchan Memorial Library,Kunchan Memorial Arts Society, andKunchan Memorial Society.[11]Kunchan Smarakam Fort is a fort built by the state government in honour of the poet and the monument houses an institution which promotes teaching of satirist art forms.[1]
Kunchan Nambiar's body of work is composed of at least 21 Otttan, 11 Seethankan and 9 Parayan compositions.[3] The most important of Nambiar's Thullals are:Syamanthakam,Ghoshayathra,Kiratham,Santhanagopalam,Patracharitham,Karthaveeryarjunavijayam,Bakavadham,Kalyana Saugandhikam,Hariniswayamvaram,Thripuradahanam andSabha Pravesham. Nambiar was critical of the social evils he saw around him and incorporated his satirical views in his compositions even when the main story is from theHinduPuranas; he would introduce digressions and use such occasions to comment on society.[3]
The kingdom of the Gandhara ruler
Has turned into a mere desert.
The land of the Sinhala King
Is now filled with lions and leopards.
The lord of the Chera people
Feeds himself on cheap vegetables.
The Chola King has nothing to eat
Except the maize of low quality
The kings of the Kuru house
Have nothing but jackfruit seeds.
The lord of the land of Kashmir
Is busy eating cucumbers.
The ruler of the Champeya land
Eats only tubers and broken rice.
The Konkan prince is about to die
Thinking of his wives' breasts.
Tributes must be paid from time to time;
Half the yield should be given to me.
The whole of pepper yield should be handed over
Coconut, arecanut, mango, jackfruit:
All the trees should be confiscated.
There will be no place in my country
For the pomp of local barons.
Double the seed crop should be given
To me by houseowner.
The Tamil Brahmins (Pattars) staying here
Should also give one fourth to me.
The Nayars who stay at home
Should take their bows and spears
And stay at the residence of Ravana
And do whatever chores are assigned.
Nayars who drink toddy
Would be beaten up, beware!
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