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KuMoHa 12
KuMoHa 12052 on an Ōkawa Branch Line service, circa December 1990
In service	1933–2002
Refurbished	1933,1950,1958,1960, 1987
Number built	27 vehicles (all converted from other train types)
Number in service	none
Number preserved	1 vehicle
Operators	JGR (1933–1949) JNR (1949–1987) JR East (1987–1996) JR Central (1987–2002)
Lines served	Various
Specifications
Car body construction	Steel
Car length	17,000 mm (55 ft 9 in)
Doors	3 per side
Traction system	Resistor control
Traction motors	MT15
Transmission	Camshaft
Current collection	overhead catenary
Track gauge	1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in)

TheKuMoHa 12 (クモハ12形) was a class ofelectric multiple unit (EMU)railroad cars formerly used by theJapanese National Railways (JNR). These are EMUpower cars of 17-meter (56 ft) length with a driver's cab at each end, three passenger doors on each side, and lengthwise bench-type passenger seating. The cars themselves were built in the later 1920s and 1930s for JNR's predecessor, theJapanese Government Railways (JGR), but the class, originally namedMoHa 12 (モハ12形), was established on 1 June 1953 by a JNR revision of its rolling stock classification regulations. In June 1959, a new JNR classification revision assigned the codeKuMo (クモ) to all cab-equipped power cars, giving the KuMoHa 12 class its present name.

When the MoHa 12 class was formed in 1953, it consisted of 13 cars of the old JGR dual-cabMoHa 34 [jp] class. Over time, additional cars were added by remodeling related old JGR classes, for an eventual total of 33 cars.

The various KuMoHa 12 cars have the following origins:

• 12000–12003 - Built in 1933 as dual-cab MoHa 34 cars.
• 12010–12018 - Built in 1929-1930 as single-cabMoHa 31 [jp] cars, then remodeled in 1950–1951 with dual cabs as MoHa 34 cars.
• 12019–12027 - Built in 1929-1931 as single-cab MoHa 31 cars and reclassified in 1953 asMoHa 11 [jp] series 200. Remodeled in 1958 as dual-cab MoHa 12 cars.
• 12030–12032 - Built in 1939-1941 as single-cabMoHa 50 [jp] cars and reclassified in 1953 as MoHa 11 series 400. Remodeled in 1958 as dual-cab MoHa 12 cars.
• 12040 - Built in 1926 as a single-cabMoHa 30 [jp] car and reclassified in 1953 as a MoHa 11 series 100. Remodeled in 1960 as a dual-cab KuMoHa 12 car.
• 12041 - Built in 1927 as a single-cab MoHa 30, remodeled in 1953 as a cablessMoHa 10 [jp], and remodeled again in 1964 asKuMoYa 22 [jp] tractor car 22112. Converted in 1987 to a KuMoHa 12 for special-event passenger service byJR Central on theIida Line.^[1] This car has been exhibited at theSCMaglev and Railway Park since March 2011.^[2]
• 12050–12055 - Built in 1929-1931 as single-cab MoHa 31 cars and reclassified in 1953 as MoHa 11 series 200. Remodeled in 1959 as dual-cab KuMoHa 12 cars.^[1] Later operated by JR East on theTsurumi Line (Ōkawa Branch Line). The last car was withdrawn in 1996.

• 
  KuMoHa 12041 used by JR Central as a special-event car on the Iida Line

• Japanese National Railways
• Central Japan Railway Company
• East Japan Railway Company
• Electric multiple units of Japan
• Train-related introductions in 1933
• 1933 in rail transport
• 1500 V DC multiple units of Japan

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