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Over its history, Kropyvnytskyi has changed its name several times. The settlement was known asYelysavethrad[a] after EmpressElizabeth of Russia from 1752 to 1924, or simplyElysavet.[3] In 1924, as part of theSoviet Union, it became known asZinovievsk[b] after the revolutionaryGrigory Zinoviev, who was born there. Following the assassination ofSergei Kirov in 1934, the town was renamedKirovo.[c]
Concurrently with the formation ofKirovohrad Oblast on 10 January 1939, and to distinguish it fromKirov Oblast in central Russia, Kirovo was renamedKirovohrad.[d][4] As part of independent Ukraine, the name of the city was then changed toKropyvnytskyi in 2016 due todecommunization laws, in honour ofMarko Kropyvnytskyi, who was born near the city.[4] However, Kirovohrad Oblast was not renamed because it is mentioned in theConstitution of Ukraine – only aconstitutional amendment could change the name of the oblast.[5]
The name "Yelisavetgrad" (usually spelledElisavetgrad orElizabethgrad in English language publications) is believed to have evolved as the amalgamation of the fortress name and the commonEastern Slavonic element "-grad" (Old/Church Slavonic "градъ", "a settlement encompassed by a wall"). Its first documented usage dates back to 1764, when Yelisavetgrad Province was organized together with the YelisavetgradLancer Regiment.[citation needed]
Presenting a letter of grant on 11 January 1752, to Major-GeneralJovan Horvat, the organizer ofNew Serbia settlements, EmpressElizabeth of Russia ordered "to found an earthen fortress and name itFort St. Elizabeth".[6] Thus simultaneously the future city was named in honour of its formal founder, the Russian empress, and also in honor of her heavenly patroness,St. Elizabeth.[citation needed]
Following the Russian Revolution and founding of theSoviet Union, in 1924 the city was renamedZinovievsk, afterGrigory Zinoviev, aSoviet statesman and one of the leaders of theRussian Communist Party (Bolsheviks).[7] He was born in Yelisavetgrad on 20 September (September 8O.S.), 1883. At the time he was honored by the name, he was a member of thePolitburo and the Chairman of theComintern's Executive Committee.
On 27 December 1934, after the assassination ofSergei Kirov, Zinovievsk and otherSoviet cities was renamed again - this time asKirovo, and then asKirovohrad.[7] The latter name appeared simultaneously with the creation of Kirovograd Oblast, on 10 January 1939[7] and was aimed at differentiating the region fromKirov Oblast in present-day Russia.
After Ukraine regained independence, the name of the city started to be spelled according to Ukrainian pronunciation asKirovohrad. The previous Russified orthography remains widely used on account of the widespread use of the Russian language in the region.
Since 1991 numerous discussions had been held on the city's name. A number of activists supported returning the city to its original name, Yelisavetgrad (or nowYelysavethrad inUkrainian transcription). Other suggestions for contemporary Ukraine includedTobilevychi (in honour of theTobilevych family [uk], the Coryphaei of the classic Ukrainian drama established in Yelysavethrad in 1882);Zlatopil (Ukrainian:Златопіль; from Ukrainian "золоте поле", literally "golden field", in reference to wheat fields; there are several places in Ukraine with this name), andStepohrad, Ukrainian for "city ofsteppes" (in recognition of the agricultural status of the city);Ukrainsk orUkrainoslav, i.e. "the glorifying Ukraine one;" andNovokozachyn (to commemorate the semi-famousCossack regiment which could have been quartered at the present-day city location).[citation needed]
The President of Ukraine,Petro Poroshenko, signed the bill ondecommunization in Ukraine on 15 May 2015, which required places associated with thecommunist past to be renamed within a six-month period.[8] On 25 October 2015 (duringlocal elections) 76.6% of the Kirovohrad voters voted for renaming the city to Yelysavethrad.[9] A draft law at the time before the Ukrainian parliament would prohibit any names associated with Russian history since the 14th century, which would make the name Yelysavethrad inadmissible as well.[10] A committee of theVerkhovna Rada (Ukraine's parliament) chose the name Inhulsk on 23 December 2015. This name is a reference to the nearbyInhul river.[11] On 31 March 2016 the Verkhovna Rada Committee for Nation Building, Regional Politics and Local Self-Government recommended to parliament to rename Kirovohrad to Kropyvnytskyi.[12] This name is a reference to writer, actor and playwrightMarko Kropyvnytskyi, who was born near the city.[12] On 14 July 2016, the name of the city was finally changed to Kropyvnytskyi.[7][13][14]
Until 18 July 2020, Kropyvnytskyi was designated as acity of oblast significance and belonged toKropyvnytskyi Municipality but not to Kropyvnytskyi Raion even though it was the center of the raion. It is divided into two districts — Fortechnyi and Podilskyi. Theurban-type settlement ofNove is part of the Fortechnyi District. As part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Kirovohrad Oblast to four, Kropyvnytskyi Municipality was merged into Kropyvnytskyi Raion.[16][17]
In the 16th and the first half of the 18th centuries, the lands of modern Kropyvnytskyi and its adjacent districts belonged toZaporozhian Sich.[18] On the territory of modern Kropyvnytskyi were located the settlements of Ukrainian Cossacs, which gradually turned into districts of the city, including Kuschivka, Zavadivka and Velyka Balka.[19][20]
18th and 19th century: from military settlement to trade centre
The history of the city beginnings dates back to the year 1754 when Fort St. Elizabeth was built on the lands of formerZaporozhian Sich in the upper course of the Inhul, Suhokleya and Biyanka Rivers.
On 9 January 1752, the Senate, based on the petition of the Serbian colonelJovan Horvat, issues a decree on the creation ofNew Serbia and the construction of thefortress of St. Elizabeth for its protection.[21] In January 1752, the decree was signed byElizabeth of Russia, on the basis of which a thanks letter was issued to Ivan Horvath and instructions to Ivan Glebov.[22] The mentioned documents didn't indicate the place of construction of the fortress, so it was chosen by order of Ivan Glebov.[23] TheHadiach-Myrhorod regiment of Ukrainian Cossacks (1390 males) arrived to build the fortress, which completed the main works in four months: from June to October 1754. During the work, 72 Zaporozhians died, 233 fell ill, and 855 ran away toSich.[24] This fort played a pivotal role in the new lands added to Russia by theBelgrad Peace Treaty of 1739. In 1764 the settlement received status of the center of the Elizabeth province. Also, it was from this fortress at the end of May 1775 that a 100,000-strong army led by the generalPeter Tekeli set out, which on 15 June destroyedZaporozhian Sich.[25] In 1784 the status of chief town of a district, when it was renamed after the fort as city ofYelyzavethrad.
Aerial photographRemains of earthworks
The Fort of St. Elizabeth was on a crossroads of trade routes, and it eventually became a major trade center. The city has held regular fairs four times a year. Merchants from all over theRussian Empire have visited these fairs. Also, there were numerous foreign merchants, especially from Greece. The main architect of the city in the middle of the 19th century was Dostoevsky’s brother,Andrey. Also here born writers minodav Shpolyansky (Don Aminado), Yuri Daragan andArseny Tarkovsky. Developed around themilitary settlement, the city rose to prominence in the 19th century when it became an importanttrade centre, as well as a Ukrainian cultural leader with the first professionaltheatrical company in either Central or Eastern Ukraine being established here in 1882 (Theatre of Coryphaei),[7] founded byMark Kropyvnytsky,[7]Tobilevych brothers andMaria Zankovetska.[7]
Elizabethgrad was ravaged byfamine in 1901 and its residents suffered more due to poor government response.
Tram in the city
The region is extremely fertile. However, a drought in 1892 and poor farming methods which never allowed the soil to recover, prompted a large famine that plagued the region. According to a 1901New York Times article, the Ministry of the Interior denied the persistence of famine in the region and blocked non-State charities from bringing aid to the area. The reporter wrote, "The existence of famine was inconvenient at a time when negotiations were pending for foreign loans." The governor of theKherson region, PrinceOblonsky, refused to acknowledge this famine. One non-resident and non-State worker entered Elizabethgrad and providedThe New York Times with an eyewitness account.[26] He observed: general and acute destitution; deaths from starvation; widespreadtyphus (shows poverty), and little to no work to be found in the region.
Elizabethgrad was located in thePale of Settlement and, during the 19th century, had a substantial Jewish population.
Elizabethgrad was subjected to several violentpogroms in the late 19th and early 20th century. In 1905 another riot flared, with Christians killing Jews and plundering the Jewish quarter.[27] A contemporary account was reported inThe New York Times on 13 December 1905.[28]
Ukrainian War of Independence and Ukrainian–Soviet War
During the Ukrainian revolution, the government in the city changed several times. The City Council recognized the authority of theCentral Rada on 19 December 1917. in January-February 1918, street battles took place here between supporters of theUkrainian People's Republic on one side and the Bolsheviks and their allies - anarchists led byMaria Nikiforova, on the other.[29][30]
On 7 May 1919, paramilitary leader, and formerdivisional general in theRed Army,Nykyfor Hryhoriv, launched ananti-Bolshevik uprising. On 8 May 1919, he issued a proclamation "To the Ukrainian People" (До Українського народу), in which he called upon the Ukrainian people to rise against the "Communist imposters", singling out the "Jewish commissars"[31] and theCheka. In only a few weeks, Hryhoriv's troops perpetrated 148 pogroms, the deadliest of which resulted in the massacre of upwards of 1,000 Jewish people in Yelisavetgrad, from 15 to 17 May 1919.[31] In total, about 3,000 Jews died in the city.[32]
The Soviet Red Army eventually reconquered the city in 1920.[33]
InWorld War II, the city was occupied byNazi Germany from 5 August 1941. From October 1941, the occupiers operated the Stalag 305prisoner-of-war camp in the city, following its relocation fromRzeszów inGerman-occupied Poland.[36] Abysmal conditions combined with scarce food rations even led to acts of cannibalism, whereas Jews and communists were executed.[36] It was subsequently recaptured by Soviet forces on 8 January 1944.
After the beginning of theRusso-Ukrainian War, the policy of decommunization was introduced, during which the city was renamed in honor of the founder of the first Ukrainian theater,Marko Kropyvnytskyi.[38]
With the beginning of Russia's large-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the city began to suffer from rocket attacks by the Russian army. On the morning of 1 March 2022, the Russians fired at the Kanatove airfield near Kropyvnytskyi, trying to destroy infrastructure facilities. On 12 March 2022, Russian troops attacked the airfield near the Kanatove railway station, as a result of which 7 soldiers were killed. On the morning of 23 July 2022, 13 missiles arrived (8 Kalibr sea-based missiles and 5Kh-22 missiles from theTU-22M3 aircraft). The Russians fired at a military airfield and a railway facility. As the result, 19 were wounded and 3 were killed. Air alarms sounded almost daily in the city.[citation needed]
As of 24 May 2022, there were more than 40,000 forcibly displaced people from regions of active hostilities in the city and region. According to data on 29 August 2022, this figure increased to 85,000 people. Also, during the war, various institutions and enterprises moved to Kropyvnytskyi, including Donetsk State University of Internal Affairs fromMariupol (originallyDonetsk), Kharkiv Research Institute of Prosthetics, Donetsk National Medical University fromKramatorsk (originally Donetsk) andKherson State Agrarian and Economical University.[citation needed]
The city is in the center of Ukraine and within theDnieper Upland. TheInhul river flows through Kropyvnytskyi. Within the city, several other smaller rivers and brooks runs in the Inhul; they include the Suhoklia and the Biyanka.
The city began as a settlement built in adjustment to a fortress called "Yelizaveta Fortress". At the end of 1757, the earthen fortifications were almost ready. Only the internal layout has changed, retaining its dimensions (55x55 sazhens). North of the fortress of St. Elizabeth, behind a small ravine on the banks of the Ingul, a soldier's settlement arose under the name of Grechesky or Bykovo, named after captain Bykov who was thecommandant of the fortress. The main streets of Bykovo were Nizhne-Bykovskaya (Pushkin St.). Verkhne-Bykovaya (Chapaeva), Ostrovskaya, Vasilievskaya, Andreevskaya (retained its original name), Artem, Kakhovskaya, Tobilevich, Pushkina Lane, Znamensky, and Sibirskaya.[39]
To the east of the fortress, the Permskoye suburb appeared. It got its name from the camp of the Perm (Carabinieri) Regiment (Russian:Пермский карабинерный полк), called in 1754 to cover the working people and eradicate the Gaidamaks. Permskoye was located between the river and the esplanade zone, it was a small residential area, numbering a dozen blocks with straight streets and lanes. The main streets of Perm were - (Bolshaya Permskaya), Fisanovich, Sverdlov, Bobrinetskaya, Gorky, International, lanes Krepostnoy, Postal, Ogorodny.
Soon, buildings appeared on the other side of the Ingul. This part of the settlement was called Podil and is today forming the central part of the city. The drawings of 1762 indicate that a large residential area arose here, cut by streets 10-12 sazhens wide into a grid of square and rectangular quarters. It became the core of a rapidly growing village. The main streets on Podil were Marksa Street (Bolshaya Perspektivnaya, Nikolaevsky Prospekt), Dzerzhinskya (Moskovskaya), Lenina (Dvortsovaya, Verkhne-Donskaya), Timiryazeva (Nizhne-Donskaya), Gogola (Uspenskaya), K. Liebknecht (Preobrazhenskaya, Merchant ), R. Luxembourg, (Pokrovskaya), Kalinina (Mirgorodskaya), Decembrists (Ingulskad), Company (Nevskaya, Pashutinskaya), Volodarsky (Aleksandrovskaya), Kirov (Mikhailovskaya), Krasnogvardeiskaya (Arkhangelskaya), Karabinernaya (retained its original name).[39]
While Bykovo and Permsky quarters were built up by the headquarters department for soldiers and officers, then in Podil they are occupied by houses of merchants and artisans. The settlements of Kovalevka and Balka, apparently founded by the Cossacks, adjoined the outskirts (in the territory of the modern part of the Balka, there is still a lane called Cossack). These settlements, which eventually merged with the suburban development into a single planning structure, initially had a picturesque, free tracing of the street network. But, if over time the layout of the Balka was subjected to only partial regulation, then only small fragments remained of the original layout of Kovalevka (Bebel St., Transportnaya St., Molodezhny Lane).[39]
Almost simultaneously with the appearance of the suburb, the following were built: the city market (on the site of an existing shopping center), the wooden Assumption Church (on the site of the regional committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine), the wooden Vladimirskaya (Greek Church), the wooden Znamenskaya Church (on Bykovo), the schismatic prayer house. These objects with ordinary, mainly wooden manor buildings, as well as with fortress structures, determined the appearance of the city in the first ten years of its development.
The planning architectural and spatial composition of the central part of the settlement consisted in the hierarchical subordination of its main street (B. Perspektivnaya, K. Marksa) with the square on it and ordinary low-rise buildings. Among this development, public houses and shops were sharp accents, and the Assumption and Vladimir churches served as dominants. The street served as the main axis of the entire composition. It divided the suburb into two equal parts and the direction of its route almost coincided with the center of the fortress. Thus, the fortress with the church in it turned into the third main dominant of the street, although it was located outside its boundaries.
In plan, the area was rectangular with an aspect ratio of 1:3 (50x150 m.). On one of the smaller sides, it adjoined the main street (Bolshaya Perspektivnaya), and on the wide side it adjoined the market and a small quarter, like the square, which is now included in the territory of the market.
From the side of the market on the square there were a gostiny dvor and butcher shops, and on the opposite and smaller sides - public buildings. Within the retranchement, the city occupied an area of 2.3 sq. km. (1.8 x 1.5 km.). From the period of the formation of the city the fortress of St. Elizabeth was the town-planning core of the settlement, the place of concentration or attraction of all its main functions. The central administrative function was concentrated in the fortress. This is the administrative management of the fortress, the subordination of the chiefs of the suburbs and settlements to the commandant of the fortress, the presence in it of the regimental office of the Cossack regiment. The religious center was also located in the fortress of St. Elizabeth, the Trinity Cathedral Church (ruined in 1813).[40] The central trading function also gravitated towards the fortress. Its place of concentration is the main square. The trade function developed with the settlement of lands by artisans and merchants. And their appearance was due to the need to service military units inside a large fortress.[39]
Parallel to the Biayanka river, new streets were formed in the settlement of Balka. New quarters have grown in the village, such as Kushchevka and Novo-Alekseevka. Former village Balashovka merged with the city and organically entered its planning structure. In 1930, ageneral plan for the development of the city was developed. According to this plan, on the site of the square in front of the former town hall, the main square of the city was formed with a monument to Kirov in its center. In the 50s, The construction of 2-storey buildings began in the areas of Lunacharskogo and Mira streets. Also in the late 40s - early 50s. 3, 5-storey houses are being built on the Marksa Street. From the 60s, construction of massive housing estates was commenced, with Cheryomushki located in the south-west of the city being first such district, designed according to the plan of architect A.A. Sidorenko. Such housing estate was constructed also in Novo-Nikolaevka District. Newmaster plan for the city was developed by the Kharkiv Institute Ukrgorstroyproekt, taking into account the placement of a residential multi-storey buildings in the new territories of the south-west. New residential areas were built along Heroyev Ukrainy Street (formerly Volkova Street). In the 60s, the industrial district along Balashovsky district was developed.[39]
From 1878 to 1905Oleksandr Pashutin served as mayor of the city. Under his administration, advances were made in the areas of education and medicine, construction of the water-supply system and several public buildings, the introduction of the first tram and the establishment of numerous marketplaces. Kropyvnytskyi is noted for the quality of its architecture, with European-style sculptures and antique windows. A range of classical and modern monuments, Moorish and Baroque palaces, and buildings that combine Gothic, Rococo and Renaissance motives are extant to this day. Today[when?] a high level of building technology of Kropyvnytskyi's masters encourages further construction and restoration.
Three blue stripes crossed in the middle of the fortress plan symbolize the fortification location at the confluence of the Inhul, Suhukleya and Biyanka rivers. The crimson colour favoured by Cossacks refers to the fortress being situated on the lands of theZaporozhian Cossacks. Golden ears together with a golden field on the shield are symbols of the fertile lands and notable agricultural wealth of the region.
The shield is held by storks, which symbolizes happiness, fertility, and love for the native land. The golden tower in the form of a crown expresses that the city is a regional centre. The motto "With peace and good" placed on the azure stripe emphasizes that same idea. All the features of the flag correlate with the principal elements of the escutcheon on the coat of arms of the city.
According to a survey conducted by theInternational Republican Institute in April–May 2023, 77% of the city's population spoke Ukrainian at home, and 20% spoke Russian.[43]
The history of Kropyvnytskyi boasts memorable events and appearances in the biographies of famous people. One of the unsurpassed creators of the modern architectural ensemble of the historical centre of the city of Kropyvnytskyi,Y. Pauchenko [uk] was born and lived here. Such noted architects asA. Dostoyevskyi andO. Lishnevskyi [ru] worked there as well.P. Kalnyshevsky fought for the freedom of thelocal cossacks,M. Pirohov laid the foundation offield surgery andM. Kutuzov planned his military operations from the city.Natives listened to the lectures of the outstanding slavistV. Hryhorovych [uk], and inherited the knowledge of the land from the ethnographer, historian and archeologistV. Yastrebov [uk].
In different periods of time the history of the region was connected with the names of the famous Ukrainian writer, playwright, publicist and statesmanVolodymyr Vynnychenko, the poet, literary and cultural critic Y. Malanyuk, the physicist-theoretician, the Nobel Prize laureateIgor Tamm, the scientist and inventor, one of the creators of the legendary "Katyusha" G. Langeman, the composerYuliy Meitus, the pianist and pedagogue G. Neigauz, the artist and painter O. Osmiorkin, the poet and translatorArseny Tarkovsky, the public and cultural figure, memoirist, patron of the artsY. Chykalenko, the composer, pianist, pedagogue, musician and publicist K. Shymanovskyi and the Ukrainian writer, dramatist and scriptwriter Y. Yanovskyi.
Kropyvnytskyi is in the central region of Ukraine.Kropyvnytskyi's climate is moderatecontinental: cold and snowy winters, and hot summers. The seasonal average temperatures are not too cold in winter, not too hot in summer: −4.8 °C (23.4 °F) in January, and 20.7 °C (69.3 °F) in July. The average precipitation is 534 mm (21 in) per year, with the most in June and July.
Climate data for Kropyvnytskyi, Ukraine (1991–2020, extremes 1948–present)
^на доповіді Сената «Генваря 4 дня 1752 года подписано Ея императорского Величества рукою тако: быть по сему, а данную генерал майору Глебову инструкцию велено оной крепости учинить наперед план и для рассмотрения прислать в военную коллегию». Центральний державний військово-історичний архів Росії Ф.349, інв.№ 9, спр.1445, стор.2-4
^Исторія Малой Россіи, со временъ присоединенія оной къ Россійскому государству при царѣ Алексѣѣ Михайловичѣ, съ краткимъ обозрѣніемъ первобытнаго состоянія сего края. Часть четвертая. — М.: Въ Типографіи Семена Селивановскаго, 1822. — С. 297−303.
^"Famine and Disease in South Russia Province"New York Times, 5 Aug. 1901. New York Times. 26 June 2009[1].
^Rosenthal, Herman. Broyde, Isaac. Janovsy, S. Jewish Encyclopedia.com"Yelisavetgrad:Elisavetgrad", accessed 20 June 2009
^"Russian City Burning; Jews Being Massacred,"NY Times, 12 Dec. 1905, accessed 25 June 2009[2].
^Том 11. Кіровоградська область. 1972. Історія міст УРСР — ст 97
^abWerth, Nicolas (2019). "Chap. 5: 1918-1921. Les pogroms des guerres civiles russes".Le cimetière de l'espérance. Essais sur l'histoire de l'Union soviétique (1914-1991) [Cemetery of Hope. Essays on the History of the Soviet Union (1914–1991)]. Collection Tempus (in French). Perrin.ISBN978-2-262-07879-9.
^abMegargee, Geoffrey P.; Overmans, Rüdiger; Vogt, Wolfgang (2022).The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume IV. Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. 288–289.ISBN978-0-253-06089-1.
^Погода и Климат – Климат Кропивницкий [Weather and Climate – The Climate of Kropyvnytskyi] (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Retrieved29 October 2021.
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