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The city originated in 1793 as a fortress built by theCossacks, and became a trading center for southern Russia. The city sustained heavy damage inWorld War II but was rebuilt and renovated after the war. Krasnodar is a major economic hub in southern Russia; In 2012,Forbes named Krasnodar the best city for business in Russia. Krasnodar is home to numerous sights, including theKrasnodar Stadium. Its main airport isKrasnodar International Airport.
On December 7, 1920, as a result of theOctober Revolution, Yekaterinodar was renamedKrasnodar (Gift of the Reds).[18] The new name consists ofKrasno- (Красно- – 'red', i.e.Communist, but also archaic/poetic form of 'beautiful'); anddar (дар – 'gift').[19]
A 19th-century photograph of theKuban Cossacks Obelisk in YekaterinodarYekaterinodar in the early 20th century
The city originated in 1793 as a military camp, then as afortress built by theBlack Sea Cossacks to defend imperial borders and to assert Russian dominion overCircassia, a claim whichOttoman Turkey contested. In the first half of the 19th century, Yekaterinodar grew into a busy center of theKuban Cossacks, gaining official town status in 1867.[20] By 1888 about 45,000 people lived in the city, which had become a vital trade center for southern Russia. In 1897 anobelisk commemorating the two-hundred-year history of theKuban Cossacks (seen as founded in 1696) was erected in Yekaterinodar. The city was the administrative center of theYekaterinodarsky Otdel of theKuban Oblast.
During theRussian Civil War (1917-1922) the city changed hands several times, coming successively under the control of theRed Army and of theVolunteer Army. Many Kuban Cossacks, as committed anti-Bolsheviks, supported theWhite Movement.Lavr Kornilov, a White general, besieged the city on April 10, 1918, only to be killed a week later when a Bolshevikartillery shell blew up the farmhouse where he had set up his headquarters. During theSoviet famine of 1932–1933 Krasnodar lost over 14% of its population.[21]
In the summer of 1943, the Soviets began trials, including of their own citizens, for collusion with the Nazis and for participation inwar crimes. The first such trial took place at Krasnodar from July 14 to 17, 1943. The Krasnodar tribunal pronounced eight death sentences, which were summarily carried out in the city square in front of a crowd of about thirty thousand people.
On June 14, 1971, abombing occurred on a bus in the city, when a homemade suitcase bomb placed near the gas tank by a mentally ill Peter Volynsky exploded. The bomb killed 10 persons and wounded 20–90 others.
Krasnodar is the largest city and capital of Krasnodar Krai by population and the second-largest by area. It is the 17th-largest city in Russia as of 2010[update] and the 13th-largest city in Russia as of 2021. It is located on the right bank of the Kuban River. It is 1300 km south of the Russian capital, Moscow. The Black Sea lies 120 km to the west.
Winters are cold and damp, with unstable snow cover. The average temperature in January, the area's coldest month, is 1 °C (34 °F). Weather conditions in winter vary greatly in the city; temperatures can exceed 20 °C (68 °F) for a few days, but temperatures below −20 °C (−4 °F) are not uncommon for Krasnodar as the city is not protected by mountains from cold waves. Summers are typically hot, with a July average of 24.1 °C (75.4 °F).
The city receives 735 millimeters (28.9 in) of precipitation annually, fairly spread throughout the year. Extreme storms are rare in the Krasnodar area. Extreme temperatures have ranged from −32.9 to 40.7 °C (−27.2 to 105.3 °F), recorded on January 11, 1940 and July 30, 2000, respectively.
Climate data for Krasnodar (1991–2020, extremes 1881–present)
Due to internal migration, Krasnodar is one of the fastest growing cities in Russia. In the 2021 census, one million people were counted within the city limits for the first time in the city's history.[26]
Per the 1897 imperial census, Krasnodar—then known as Yekaterinodar—had a population of 65,606. Of them, 34,684 (52.9%) spoke "Great Russian" (Russian), 25,112 (38.3%) "Little Russian" (Ukrainian), and 1,834 (2.8%)Armenian.[27] In 1916, Yekaterinodar had a population of 103,624, composed of 88,508Russians (85.4%, includingLittle Russians), 5,963Europeans (5.8%), 5,900Armenians (5.7%), and other nationalities.[28]
Per the 1926 Soviet census, Krasnodar's population consisted of 82,818Russians (51.17%), 48,511Ukrainians (29.97%), 12,463Armenians (7.70%), 2,948Belarusians (1.82%), 1,746Jews (1.08%), 1,316Poles (0.81%), 1,105Germans (0.68%) and 1,007Greeks (0.62%), while 9,929 people (6.14%) belonged to other various minorities.[29] The 1939 census saw a sharp decrease of people identified as Ukrainians. Of 203,806 people living in Krasnodar, 177,579 were listed as Russians and only 8,253 as Ukrainians. The amount of Armenians also decreased to 7,867.[30]
As of 2021, the ethnic composition of Krasnodar was:[31]
Krasnodar is the economic center of southern Russia. For several years,Forbes magazine named Krasnodar the best city for business in Russia.[33] The industrial sector of the city has more than 130 large and medium-sized enterprises.
The main industries of Krasnodar:
Agriculture and food industry: 42.8%
Energy sector: 13.4%
Fuel industry: 10.5%
Machine construction: 9.4%
Forestry and chemical industries: about 4%
Krasnodar is a highly developed commercial area, and has the largest annual turnover in theSouthern Federal District of Russia. Retail trade turnover in 2010 reached 290 billionrubles. Per capita, Krasnodar has the highest number ofmalls in Russia. Note that in thecrisis year 2009 turnover of Krasnodar continued to grow, while most of the cities showed a negative trend in the sale of goods.
Krasnodar has the lowest unemployment rate among the cities of the Southern Federal District at 0.3% of the total working-age population. In addition, Krasnodar holds the first place in terms of highest average salary – 21,742 rubles per capita.[34]
Tourism comprises a large part of Krasnodar's economy. There are more than 80 hotels in Krasnodar. The Hilton Garden Inn, opened in 2013, is the first world-class hotel in the city.[35]
The oldest part of the city is Krasnodar Historic Center, which consists of many historic buildings, several from the 19th century. Buildings have been preserved, restored or reconstructed, and the district is now a substantial tourist attraction.
There are several major theater venues in Krasnodar:
Krasnodar has several major museums. The Kovalenko Krasnodar Regional Art Museum, the oldest public art museum in theNorth Caucasus, is one of the finest.
The largest public library of the city is the Pushkin Krasnodar Regional Universal Scientific Library, founded in 1900.
Oz Mall, the largest mall in southern RussiaShukhov'sHyperboloid Tower near Krasnodar'sCircusThe Splash Fountain in KrasnodarObelisk to Red Army soldiers
Other attractions include St. Catherine's Cathedral, the State Arts Museum, a park and theater named afterMaxim Gorky, the beautiful concert hall of the Krasnodar Philharmonic Society, which is considered to have some of the best acoustics in southern Russia,State Cossack Choir and the Krasnodar circus
The central street of Krasnodar is Krasnaya Street (which translates as "Red" or "Beautiful Street"). Many of the city's sights are located there. At the beginning of the street, one can see the Central Concert Hall; at the other end, one can see the Avrora cinema center. A "Triumphal Arch" is situated in the middle of Krasnaya Street.
Theater Square is home to the largestsplash fountain in Europe.[36] This fountain was officially inaugurated on September 25, 2011 along with an official ceremony to celebrate the City Day in Krasnodar.
The best-known park of the city is theKrasnodar park [ru] (popularly known as Galitsky Park), a regular park located in the northeast of the downtown Krasnodar in the Shkolny microdistrict, between Vostochno-Kruglikovskaya and Hero Vladislav Posadsky streets, next to the FC Krasnodar stadium. The park was built at the expense of entrepreneurSergey Galitsky and opened on September 28, 2017. The area is 22.7 hectares. More than 2.5 thousand trees are planted in the park: oak, hornbeam, alder, bonsai, poplar, pine, tulip tree, maple, thuja, decorative plum.
As in many other major cities in Russia, the primary mode of local transportation in Krasnodar is the automobile, though efforts have been made to increase the availability of alternative modes of transportation, including the construction of light railways (projected), biking paths, and wide sidewalks. Public transportation within Krasnodar consists of city buses, trolleybuses, trams, andmarshrutkas (routed taxis). Trolleybuses and trams, both powered by overhead electric wires, are the main form of public transportation in Krasnodar, which does not have a metro system.
The main airline wasKuban Airlines (atKrasnodar International Airport), but it closed down in 2012 and now the main ones areAeroflot andRossiya Airlines. The largest hotels in the city include the Intourist, Hotel Moskva, and Hotel Platan. Krasnodar uses a 220 V/50 Hz power supply with two round-pin outlets, like most European countries.
In Krasnodar there are 15gymnasiums (academic secondary schools) 5lyceums (colleges of higher education), 110 schools of general education and 20 specialized schools, as well as 7 non-state lyceums and schools.[37]
Thecoat of arms of Yekaterinodar was introduced in 1841 by the Cossackyesaul Ivan Chernik. The royal letter "E" in the middle is for Ekaterina II (Russian forCatherine II). It also depicts the date the city was founded, the Imperialdouble headed eagle (symbolizingTsar's patronage of the Black Sea Cossacks), abulawa of a Cossackataman, Yekaterinodar fortress, and flags with letters "E", "P", "A", and "N" standing for Catherine II,Paul I,Alexander I andNicholas I. Yellow stars around the shield symbolized 59 Black Seastanitsas around the city.
^Wolowyna, Oleh (October 2020). "A Demographic Framework for the 1932–1934 Famine in the Soviet Union".Journal of Genocide Research.23 (4):501–526.doi:10.1080/14623528.2020.1834741.S2CID226316468.
^Кавказский календарь на 1917 год [Caucasian calendar for 1917] (in Russian) (72nd ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1917. pp. 222–229. Archived fromthe original on November 4, 2021.
^"Национальный состав населения". Управление Федеральной службы государственной статистики по Краснодарскому краю и Республике Адыгея. RetrievedApril 27, 2025.
^Including 3,850 Adyghe, 883 Cherkess, 367 Kabardians and 11 Shapsugs.
Городская Дума Краснодара. Решение №11 п. 6 от 21 апреля 2011 г. «О принятии Устава муниципального образования город Краснодар», в ред. Решения №78 п. 3 от 28 апреля 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в Устав муниципального образования город Краснодар». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования после государственной регистрации, за исключением пунктов 1–3, 5, 7, вступающих в силу со дня подписания. Опубликован: "Краснодарские известия", №89, 9 июня 2011 г. (City Duma of Krasnodar. Decision #11 p. 6 of April 21, 2011On the Adoption of the Charter of the Municipal Formation of the City of Krasnodar, as amended by the Decision #78 p. 3 of April 28, 2015On Amending the Charter of the Municipal Formation of the City of Krasnodar. Effective as of the day of the official publication after the state registration, with the exception of items 1–3, 5, 7, which take effect upon signing off.).
«Устав Краснодарского края», в ред. Закона №2870-КЗ от 30 декабря 2013 г «О внесении изменений в Устав Краснодарского края». Опубликован: "Кубанские новости", 10 ноября 1993 г. (Charter of Krasnodar Krai, as amended by the Law #2870-KZ of December 30, 2013On Amending the Charter of Krasnodar Krai. ).
Управление по взаимодействию с органами местного самоуправления Администрации Краснодарского края. Справочная информация №34.01-707/13-03 от 23 мая 2013 г. «Реестр административно-территориальных единиц Краснодарского края». (Department of Cooperation with the Organs of the Local Self-Government of the Administration of Krasnodar Krai. Reference Information #34.01-707/13-03 of May 23, 2013Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Units of Krasnodar Krai. ).
Законодательное Собрание Краснодарского края. Закон №670-КЗ от 10 марта 2004 г. «Об установлении границ муниципального образования город Краснодар и наделении его статусом городского округа», в ред. Закона №2435-КЗ от 3 февраля 2012 г «О внесении изменений в отдельные законодательные акты Краснодарского края об установлении границ муниципальных образований». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Кубанские новости", №37–38, 13 марта 2004 г. (Legislative Assembly of Krasnodar Krai. Law #670-OZ of March 10, 2004On Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formation of the City of Krasnodar and on Granting It Urban Okrug Status, as amended by the Law #2435-KZ of February 3, 2012On Amending Various Legislative Acts of Krasnodar Krai on Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formations. Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
Энциклопедия Города России (Cities and Towns of Russia, Encyclopedia). Moscow: Большая Российская Энциклопедия. 2003.ISBN5-7107-7399-9.
Азаренкова, А. С.; Бондарь, И. Ю.; Вертышева, Н. С. (1986).Основные административно-территориальные преобразования на Кубани (1793–1985 гг.) (in Russian). Краснодарское книжное издательство.
Lichtblau, Eric. "The Nazis Next Door: How America Became A Safe Haven For Hitler's Men" (2014) pp: 47–48.
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