 Several depictions of Krampus alongside theNikolaus | |
| Creature information | |
|---|---|
| Other name(s) | Krampusz, Kramper, Bartl |
| Similar entities | Knecht Ruprecht,Zwarte Piet,Snegurochka |
| Folklore | German,Austrian folklore,Croatian folklore |
| Origin | |
| Country | Germany,Czech Republic,Slovakia,Austria,Switzerland,Croatia,Slovenia,Serbia,Ukraine,Poland,Hungary,Romania,Bulgaria,Liechtenstein,Italy,France,Netherlands,Belgium,Norway,Sweden,Denmark |
| Region | Southeastern Germany,Central Europe |
| Habitat | Alps,Carpathian Mountains,Low Countries,Scandinavia |
| Details | Known for being acompanion of Saint Nicholas |
TheKrampus (German:[ˈkʁampʊs]) is a hornedanthropomorphic figure who, in the Central and EasternAlpinefolkloric tradition, is said to accompanySaint Nicholas on visits to children during the night of 5 December (Krampusnacht; "Krampus Night"), immediately before theFeast of St. Nicholas on 6 December. In this tradition, Saint Nicholas rewards well-behaved children with small gifts, while Krampus punishes badly behaved ones withbirch rods.[1][2]
The origin of the figure is unclear; somefolklorists andanthropologists have postulated that it may have pre-Christian origins, although historians generally consider this unlikely, as it is not attested until the 16th century.[3] In certain traditional parades and in such events as theKrampuslauf ("Krampus run"), some young men dressed as Krampus attempt to scare the audience with their antics. Krampus is featured on holiday greeting cards calledKrampuskarten.
The figure has been imported into popular culture around the world, and has appeared in movies, TV shows and video games.
Discussing his observations in 1975 while inIrdning, a small town inStyria, anthropologist John J. Honigmann wrote that:
The Saint Nicholas festival we are describing incorporates cultural elements widely distributed in Europe. St. Nicholas himself became popular in Germany around the eleventh century. The feast dedicated to this patron of children is only one winter occasion in which children are the objects of special attention, others beingMartinmas, theFeast of the Holy Innocents, andNew Year’s Day. Masked devils acting boisterously and making nuisances of themselves have been known in Germany since at least the sixteenth century. At the same time, animal masked devils combining dreadful-comic (schauriglustig) antics appeared inmedieval church plays. A large literature, much of it by European folklorists, bears on these subjects.Austrians in the community we studied are quite aware that “heathen” elements are blended with Christian elements in the Saint Nicholas customs and other traditional winter ceremonies. They believe Krampus derives from a pagan supernatural who was assimilated to theChristian devil.[4]
Krampus is usually depicted as a man with horns, one grotesque human foot, and one goat’s foot. He is typically covered in black hair and has a very long, snake or dragon-like tongue. These qualities have increasingly made Krampus a character for horror costumes and films.[5]
In the 17th century, Krampus was paired with St. Nicholas is a helper. Because Nicholas is a saint, it wasn’t logical or deemed saintly behavior for Nicholas to deliver punishments. Therefore, a helper was assigned to St Nicholas, such asFarmhand Rupert, Schmutzli,Père Fouettard, orZwarte Piet, who would go down the chimney or punish the naughty children. Krampus served St Nicholas in the same role.[6]
In the aftermath of the 1932 election inAustria, the Krampus tradition was prohibited by theDollfuss regime[7] under theclerical fascistFatherland Front (Vaterländische Front) and theChristian Social Party.
In the 1950s, theGovernment of Austria distributed pamphlets titled “Krampus Is an Evil Man” for fear that encounters with Krampus might damage children’s mental health.[8] Towards the end of the century, a popular resurgence of Krampus celebrations occurred and continues today.[9]
The Krampus tradition is being revived inBavaria as well, along with a local artistic tradition of hand-carved wooden masks.[10][11]
Although Krampus appears in many variations, most share some common physical characteristics. He is hairy, horned, usually brown or black, and has one foot with thecloven hooves of a goat. His long, pointed tongue lolls out,[12][13] and he has fangs.[14]
Krampus carries chains, thought to symbolize the binding ofthe Devil by theChristian Church. He thrashes the chains for dramatic effect. The chains are sometimes accompanied with bells of various sizes.[15] Krampus will carry a bundle ofbirch branches with which he occasionallyswats children.[12] The birch branches are replaced with a whip in some representations. On the eve before St. Nicholas Day (6th of December), Krampus travels together with St. Nicholas with a sack or a basket strapped to his back; this is to cart off evil children for drowning, eating, or transport toHell. Some of the older versions make mention of naughty children being put in the bag and taken away.[12] This quality can be found in othercompanions of Saint Nicholas such asZwarte Piet.[16]
TheFeast of St. Nicholas is celebrated in parts of Europe on 6 December.[17] On the preceding evening of 5 December, Krampus Night orKrampusnacht, the wicked hairy devil appears on the streets. Sometimes accompanying St. Nicholas and sometimes on his own, Krampus visits homes and businesses.[12] The Saint usually appears in theEastern Ritevestments of a bishop, and he carries a golden ceremonial staff. Unlike North American versions of Santa Claus, in these celebrations Saint Nicholas concerns himself only with the good children, while Krampus is responsible for the bad. Nicholas dispenses gifts, while Krampus supplies coal and the birch rods.[18]
There were already established pagan traditions in theAlpine regions that became intertwined with Catholicism. People would masquerade as a devilish figure known asPercht, a two-legged humanoid goat with a giraffe-like neck, wearing animal furs.[19] People wore costumes and marched in processions known asPerchtenlaufen, which are regarded as an earlier form of the Krampus runs.Perchtenlaufen were looked at with suspicion by the Catholic Church and banned by some civil authorities. Due to sparse population and rugged environments within the Alpine region, the ban was not effective or easily enforced, rendering the ban useless. Eventually thePerchtenlauf, inspired by the Nicholas plays, introduced Saint Nicholas and his set of good morals. ThePercht transformed into what is now known as the Krampus and was made to be subjected to Saint Nicholas' will.[20]
It is customary to offer a Krampusschnapps, a strong distilled fruit brandy.[12] These runs may includePerchten, similarly wild pagan spirits ofGermanic folklore and sometimes female in representation, although thePerchten are properly associated with the period betweenwinter solstice and 6 January.
Every year there are arguments during Krampus runs. Occasionally spectators take revenge for whippings and attack Krampuses. In 2013, after several Krampus runs inEast Tyrol, a total of eight injured people (mostly with broken bones) were admitted to theLienz district hospital and over 60 other patients were treated on an outpatient basis.[21]
Europeans have been exchanginggreeting cards featuring Krampus since the 19th century.[22] Sometimes introduced withGruß vom Krampus (Greetings from Krampus), the cards usually have humorous rhymes and poems. Krampus is often featured looming menacingly over children. He is also shown as having one human foot and one cloven hoof. In some, Krampus has sexual overtones; he is pictured pursuing buxom women.[23] Over time, the representation of Krampus in the cards has changed; older versions have a more frightening Krampus, while modern versions have a cuter, moreCupid-like creature.[citation needed] Krampus has also adornedpostcards and candy containers.[24]
Krampus appears in the folklore ofAustria,Bavaria,Bosnia and Herzegovina,Croatia, theCzech Republic,Hungary,Romania,Bulgaria,Northern Italy (Autonomous Province of Trento,South Tyrol,Province of Belluno andFriuli-Venezia Giulia),Slovakia, andSlovenia.[25]
InStyria, the bundle of birch rods is presented by Krampus to families. The twigs are painted gold and displayed year-round in the house—a reminder to any child who has temporarily forgotten Krampus. In smaller, more isolated villages, the figure has other beastly companions, such as the antlered "wild man" figures, and St Nicholas is nowhere to be seen. These Styrian companions of Krampus are calledSchabmänner orRauhen.,[12] and are similar to thekukeri dancers ofBulgaria.
A toned-down version of Krampus is part of the popular Christmas markets in Austrian urban centres likeSalzburg. In these, more tourist-friendly interpretations, Krampus is more humorous than fearsome.[26]
North American Krampus celebrations are a growing phenomenon.[27]
Similar figures are recorded in neighboring areas.Strohbart in Bavaria,Klaubauf(mann) in Austria and Bavaria, whileBartl orBartel,Niglobartl, andWubartl are used in the southern part of the country. Other names includeBarrel orBartholomeus (Styria),Schmutzli (German-speaking Switzerland),Pöpel orHüllepöpel (Würzburg),Zember (Cheb),Belzmärte andPelzmärtel (Swabia andFranconia). In most parts of Slovenia, whose culture was greatly affected by Austrian culture, Krampus is calledparkelj and is one of the companions of Miklavž, the Slovenian form of St. Nicholas.[12][28]
In many parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia, Krampus is described as a devil wearing a cloth sack around his waist and chains around his neck, ankles, and wrists. As a part of a tradition, when a child receives a gift from St. Nicholas he is given a golden branch to represent his good deeds throughout the year; however, if the child has misbehaved, Krampus will take the gifts for himself and leave only a silver branch to represent the child's bad acts.[29][30][31][32]
The character of Krampus has been imported and modified for various North American media,[14][33] including print (e.g.,Krampus: The Devil of Christmas, a collection of vintage postcards by Monte Beauchamp in 2004;[22][34]Krampus: The Yule Lord, a 2012 novel byGerald Brom[35]),Krampus, a comic book series fromImage Comics in 2013 created by Dean Kotz and Brian Joines, television – both live action ("A Krampus Carol", a 2012 episode ofThe League[33]) and animation ("A Very Venture Christmas", a 2004 episode ofThe Venture Bros.;[14] "Minstrel Krampus", a 2013 episode ofAmerican Dad![36]), video games (CarnEvil, a 1998arcade game;[37]The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth, a 2014 video game[38]), and films (Krampus, a 2015 Christmascomedy horror film fromUniversal Pictures,[39] andRed One, a 2024 Christmasaction adventure comedy film fromSeven Bucks Productions andAmazon Studios).[40]
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