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Apilan andkotamara are twoMalay nautical terms which refers to the structure on a vessel where the cannon is installed. This term is used especially on Malay ships and boats.
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Apilan (orampilan)[1]: 354 is the woodengunshield found in Malayprahus where cannons are placed. It has a hole to placelong gun, and sometimesswivel gun can be placed over the top of the apilan. Apilan is not permanent, it can be assembled, disassembled, and moved.[2] The crew of Malay prahu operated the long gun behind an apilan. The apilan usually situated at the bow of a prahu.[3] This gun-shield was only put on when the ship went into action.Sunting apilan is the name given to twolelas or light guns standing on the gun-shield of a heavy gun.[4]
Apilan is a trueMalay word, it was not descended from any word. It is also a standalone word, because the syllable is api-lan instead of apil-an.[5]
Kotamara is thebreastwork orcasement of Malay prahus. The function is to protect the gunner. Contrary to apilan, the kota mara cannot be moved.[2] It is the permanent bulwark of the battery in a Malay piratical ship. The termsaga kota mara refers to a peculiar props keeping the gun shield (apilan) in position. The wordbenteng is also used for this permanent breastwork.Ambong-ambong are blocks of wood forming part of the framework of the battery in a Malay piratical perahu. These blocks support the base of the benteng.[4] The kota mara is already existed since at least the 8th century A.D., being shown inBorobudur shipbas relief.[6]
The term comes from Malay wordkota which in turn comes from theSanskrit word कोट्ट (kota) which means fort, fortress, castle, fortified house, fortification, works, city, town, or place encircled by walls.[7] The wordmara may come from Malay word meaning "appear before", "forward", "come",[5] "moved to the front", "forward", and "advanced".[8] Thus it can be interpreted as "breastwork before a cannon" or "breastwork at the front". According to the Great Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), kota mara means (1) Wall on a ship to protect men mounting the cannon (2) Terrace or wall over a castle which a cannon is mounted.[5] According to H. Warington Smyth, kota mara means transverse deck bulkhead at stem and stern (of a ship).[9]Benteng itself means fort, battery, or redoubt.[4]
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Singapore residentJohn Crawfurd recorded Malay piracy near Singapore waters. The Malay pirate ships of the time were 40–50 feet (12–15 m) long with 15-foot (4.6 m) beam. The decks were made of splitnibong wood. Smaller pirate craft put up thick plank bulwarks [apilan] when fighting, while larger ones like those of the Lanun people had bamboo ledges hanging over their gunwales, with a protecting breastwork [kota mara] of plaitedrattan about 3 feet (0.91 meters) high. A crew might consist of 20–30 men, augmented with oarsmen of captured slaves. Small craft would have nine oars per side; larger ones would be double-banked, with an upper tier of oarsmen seated on the bulwark projection hidden behind rattan breastwork. Pirate armament included a stockade near the bow, with iron or brass 4-pounders, and another stockade aft, generally with two swivel guns. They also might have four or five brass swivels, orrantaka, on each side. They have bamboo shields, and were armed with spears, keris, muskets and other firearms they could get.[10]
H. H. Frese description of personal ship of the Sultan ofRiau from 1883:[11]
This fast and impressive ship is heavily armed to fend off pirates, a real danger at that time. Two heavy muzzle-loading brass guns mounted on carriages are placed on the foredeck pointing forward. A heavy shield, orapilan, for the protection of the gunners, is constructed of horizontal beams for which fresh wood had to be used to prevent dangerous splintering whenhit by a ball or bullet.
— The Mariner's Mirror
Lieutenant T.J. Newbold record about the Malay pirate prahu:[3]
The prahus used by Malay pirates are from eight to ten tons burthen, extremely well manned and remarkably fast, particularly with the paddles commonly used. They are generally armed withswivels on their bows, centre, and stern, of small calibre, but long range. When preparing to attack, strong bulwarks of wood calledApilans are erected, behind which the crew ensconce themselves, fighting with their long guns until their prey is disabled; or till the gong sound the signal for boarding.
— Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume 5
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain.{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal= (help)
