The official founding year of the city is 1152 byYury Dolgoruky.[2] Since many scholars believe that early Eastern Slavs tribes arrived in modern-day Belarus, Ukraine and western Russia AD 400 to 600, Kostroma could be much older than previously thought.[8]
The city has the same name as the East Slavic goddessKostroma.
Like other towns of theEastern Rus, Kostroma was sacked by theMongols in 1238. It then constituted a small principality, under leadership of PrinceVasily of Kostroma, a younger brother of the famousAlexander Nevsky. Upon inheriting the grand ducal title in 1271, Vasily didn't leave the town forVladimir, and his descendants ruled Kostroma for another half a century, until the town was bought byIvan I of Moscow.[citation needed]
As one of the northernmost towns of theGrand Duchy of Moscow, Kostroma served for grand dukes as a place of retreat when enemies besiegedMoscow in 1382, 1408, and 1433. In 1375, the town was looted byNovgorod pirates (ushkuiniks). The spectacular growth[quantify] of the city in the 16th century may be attributed to the establishment of trade connections with English and Dutch merchants (Muscovy Company) through the northern port ofArchangel.Boris Godunov had theIpatiev[9] and Epiphany monasteries rebuilt in stone. The construction works were finished just in time for the city to witness some of the most dramatic events of theTime of Troubles.[citation needed]
The heroic peasantIvan Susanin became a symbol of the city's resistance to foreign invaders;[dubious –discuss] several monuments to him may be seen in Kostroma. The future Tsar,Mikhail Romanov, also lived at the monastery. It was here that an embassy fromMoscow offered him the Russian crown in 1612.[citation needed]
A wooden house of Mikhail Romanov is still preserved in the monastery. There are also several old wooden structures transported to the monastery walls from distant districts of theKostroma Oblast.[10]
In 1773, Kostroma was devastated by a great fire. Afterwards the city was rebuilt with streets radiating from a single focal point near the river. They[who?] say thatCatherine the Great dropped her fan on thecity map, and told the architects to follow her design. One of the best preserved examples of the 18th centurytown planning, Kostroma retains some elegant structures in a "provincial neoclassical" style. These include a governor's palace, a fire tower, a rotunda on the Volgaembankment, and anarcaded central market with a merchant church in the center.[citation needed]
The First Workers' Socialist Club based in Kostroma was one of the best documented workers' clubs run byProletkult. Organised around the principle of a "public hearth" (obshchestvennyi ochag) this club combined both practical support for workers in need of accommodation, food or furniture, as well as providing a focus for popular education.
The Nuclear Power Referendum was arranged in 1990 in the Kostroma area. 90% of the voting population were againstnuclear power in the area.[11] AKostroma Nuclear Power Plant has been proposed.
Built in 1559–1565, the five-domedEpiphany Cathedral was the first stone edifice in the city; its medievalfrescoes perished during a fire several years ago. The minster houses the city's most precious relic, a 10th-centuryByzantineicon calledOur Lady of St. Theodore. It was with this icon that Mikhail Romanov was blessed by his mother when he left for Moscow to claim the Russian throne. They[who?] say that just before theRevolution of 1917, the icon blackened so badly that the image was hardly visible; it was interpreted as a bad sign for the Romanov dynasty.
The Ipatyevsky monastery survives mostly intact, with its 16th-century walls, towers,belfry, and the 17th-centurycathedral.
Apart from the monasteries, most of the city churches were either rebuilt or demolished during the Soviet years. The only city church that survives from the 17th-century "golden age" is theResurrection church on the Lowlands (Russian: церковь Воскресения на Дебре). As the story goes, the church was commissioned by one merchant who ordered inEngland ten barrels of dye but received ten barrels of gold instead. He resolved that the unearned gold was the devil's gift and decided to spend it on building a church. Two other 17th-century temples, of rather conventional architecture, may be seen on the opposite side of the Volga.
Костромская областная Дума. Закон №112-4-ЗКО от 9 февраля 2007 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Костромской области», в ред. Закона №567-5-ЗКО от 24 сентября 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Костромской области "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Костромской области"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "СП — нормативные документы", №10(70), 28 февраля 2007 г. (Kostroma Oblast Duma. Law #112-4-ZKO of February 9, 2007On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Kostroma Oblast, as amended by the Law #567-5-ZKO of September 24, 2014On Amending the Law of Kostroma Oblast "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Kostroma Oblast". Effective as of the official publication date.).
Администрация Костромской области. Постановление №133-а от 8 апреля 2014 г. «Об утверждении реестра населённых пунктов Костромской области». Вступил в силу 11 апреля 2014 г. Опубликован: "СП — нормативные документы", №15, 11 апреля 2014 г. (Administration of Kostroma Oblast. Resolution #133-a of April 8, 2014On the Adoption of the Registry of the Inhabited Localities of Kostroma Oblast. Effective as of April 11, 2014.).
Костромская областная Дума. Закон №237-ЗКО от 30 декабря 2004 г. «Об установлении границ муниципальных образований в Костромской области и наделении их статусом», в ред. Закона №496-5-ЗКО от 28 февраля 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Костромской области "Об установлении границ муниципальных образований в Костромской области и наделении их статусом"». Вступил в силу по истечении 10 дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Северная Правда" ("Документы: СпецВыпуск"), №8, 26 января 2005 г. (Kostroma Oblast Duma. Law #237-ZKO of December 30, 2004On the Establishment of the Borders of the Municipal Formations and on Granting Them Statuses, as amended by the Law #496-5-ZKO of February 28, 2014On Amending the Law of Kostroma Oblast "On the Establishment of the Borders of the Municipal Formations and on Granting Them Statuses". Effective as of after 10 days following the official publication date.).
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