The traditions ofKorean bladesmithing and swordsmanship have served a central place in the militaryhistory of Korea for thousands of years. Although typical Korean land battles have taken place in wide valleys and narrow mountain passes, which favor use ofspears andbows,[1] the sword found use as a secondary,close-quarters weapon, in addition to far more prominent role duringsieges and ship-to-shipboarding actions. Higher quality,ceremonial swords were typically reserved for the officer corps as a symbol of authority with which to command the troops. Ceremonial swords are still granted to military officials by the civilian authority to this day.[2][clarification needed]
Korean swords typically fall into two broad categories, thegeom, and thedo.[3] The Geom is a double-edged weapon, while the Do is a single-edged weapon; although exceptions exist. In common parlance, all swords may be referred to asgeom (검;劍).
The history of thesword inKorea begins withbronze daggers of Bronze Age of which existing artifacts dates back to 10-9th century BCE. Iron use co-existed with Bronze use during the lateBronze Age.
The rarity of traditional Korean swords in the modern day has made them extremely valuable, with high demand from both museums and collectors.
Evidence of sword production dates to the transitional Late Bronze to Early Iron Age (c. 1st century BC), with an earthenware mold for a Bronze Sword found inSouth Gyeongsang Province.[4]
The earliest Korean sword type is the so-calledHwandudaedo or "ring-pommel sword," prevalent during the 1st to 6th centuries. Until the 3rd century, these swords were very rare and presumably reserved for royalty. They became more attainable in the later 4th and during the 5th century, and are found in many higher class tombs of this period. Their production declined in the 6th century.
By the last third of the Three Kingdoms period (i.e. 450 AD and beyond), steel making techniques had come from China (possibly during theNorthern and Southern dynasties period in China) and were also employed in Korean swordmaking by all three Korean kingdoms (Goguryeo,Baekje, andSilla).[citation needed] In 2013, a Chinese Character inscription was discovered on a 5th-century sword from theGeumgwanchong tomb inGyeongju,North Gyeongsang Province.The scabbard of the sword has the inscription 尒斯智王Yisaji-wang ("King Isaji").[5]
Long swords during theKorean Three Kingdoms period were used primarily by cavalry and commanders (who were also usually mounted), not infantry. At this time, land warfare consisted mostly of spearmen and bowmen on foot, mounted archers on horseback using two-handed bows, and mounted swordsmen with twin blades. Swords were not a primary weapon for all combat but were instead used mostly for shock attacks, defensive strokes, and for close-in fighting. Blades were heavy as they were made mostly of bronze and later iron, and pommels were often knobbed and used as balances or for very close-in work. Short swords may have been used in follow-up attacks, as short sword carriers were heavily armored.
During theGoryeo dynasty, a limited number of Korean swords were exported for trade missions in Asia. It is likely that Korean swordmaking was influenced by Mongol and Chinese weapon manufacture after Goryeo's submission as a Mongol vassal after6 Mongol invasions ending in 1259.
The sword used for combat during the Joseon Dynasty was calledHwando, and in the name 'Hwando (環刀)', 'Hwan(環)' is theHanja meaning ring. There are differing opinions about the origin of the name. 《Yungwon Pilbi》 (융원필비, 戎垣必備), a military book published in 1813 states that it originated from a ring for tying the sheath to the waist.[6]
The name 'Hwando (環刀)' appears first in 《Goryeosa》. It is written that when an envoy from theYuan Dynasty arrived in April 1277,King Chungnyeol sent Yi Jang-mu (이장무, 李藏茂) toChungju city to make 1,000 sacks of Hwando.[7]
There were many ways to wear the Hwando, including using a belt called Tti-don (띠돈 메기), wearing it on the back (둘러메기), around the shoulder (뒤꽂이), and around the waist by tying a string to the ring of the scabbard (고리 메기). During the Joseon Dynasty, swords were often worn with the hilt pointing toward the back.
This method is mainly seen in countries that usedcavalry as its main force. It is said that this method was designed because if the sword was worn with the hilt facing forward, the sheath at the back would hit the horse and hinder its movement when running fast on horseback. It also has the advantage of being more comfortable when shooting a bow because the hilt does not get in the way. This type of sword-wearing is a fairly common style of sword-wearing that appears inMongolia, theMing dynasty, theQing dynasty.[citation needed]
The method in which the sword hilt faces backwards is mainly seen in attire using Tti-don, which makes it easy to turn the hilt, but it is difficult to know exactly when Tti-don was used in Korea. However, during the Yuan Intervention period, the mainstream in Mongolia was to kick the sword with the hilt facing forward. Also, in the Hwando paintings from the early Joseon Dynasty depicted in 《Sejong Silok》(世宗實錄) and the 《Gukjo-oyreui》(國朝五禮儀), there is only a ring for the scabbard and no bandon is depicted, and even in the royal tombs of the mid-Joseon Dynasty in the 16th and 17th centuries, figures wearing sword sheaths with rings are carved. Considering this, it appears that it was common until the mid-Joseon Dynasty to wear the sword with the hilt facing forward in a looped manner. The oldest Hwando where Tti-don is found isYu Sŏngnyong's Hwando. Considering this, it is highly likely that the Tti-don and the method of kicking the sword with the hilt facing backwards were introduced starting around the mid-Joseon Dynasty under the influence of the Ming Dynasty or theJurchen people.
The Hwando of the early Joseon Dynasty, as recorded in the 《Sejong Silok》(世宗實錄) and the 《Gukjo-oyreui》(國朝五禮儀), is not only greatly curved but also short in length. Looking at the blade length regulations for the Hwando recorded in 《Munjong Silok》(文宗實錄), it is 1.7 ja for infantry use and 1.6 ja for cavalry use, and the length of the handle is 2 gwon for infantry use and 1 gwon 3 ji for cavalry use.[8]
The overall shape of the blade is a curved, single-edged sword.[9] Due to partial heat treatment, there were faint patterns on the blade. The curvature varied, with some swords having a pronounced curve and others being almost straight.[9] Generally, it resembles a Japanese Katana, but unlike the Katana, there is often no distinct boundary line (yokote) at the tip of the blade, making the tip relatively ambiguous.[10]
Regarding cross-sections, there weretriangular, single-planepentagonal, pentagonal, andhexagonal types depending on the shape. However, due to durability issues, triangular swords were used for personal protection orassassination, like the changpogeom (창포검), while the military typically used Hwandos with hexagonal or pentagonal cross-sections.[9] There are very few single-plane pentagonal artifacts, and little is known about their advantages and disadvantages.
There is a record that when Koreans obtained a Japanese sword, they would grind down the back and side slopes (shinogi) to make the sides flat and the edge angular.[11] That shows the differences between Japanese sword and Hwando. However, most surviving Hwandos have clear angular ridges on the blade back, similar to the shinogi of a Japanese sword.[citation needed] The cross-sections of the hwandos unearthed fromDongnae Citadel were also pentagonal and hexagonal, and even swords from the Goryeo period excavated fromCheoin Fortress had angular blade backs.
Also there is a record that Japanese swords as having softer steel on the left and harder steel on the right,[11] with the left side of the blade ground obliquely, indicating a single-plane structure. However, typical Japanese swords do not have steel joined on both sides, and although there were single-plane types in Japan, they were not mainstream.
The lock can be pulled out as one of the characteristic styles of Hwando. Unlike swords from other cultures, the sword had a separate locking device, and there was very little chance that the sword would come out on its own even during vigorous activity. In the early Joseon Dynasty, a locking device called a Binyeojang (비녀장) was mainly used.[12] 'Binyeo (비녀)' of Binyeojang literally meansBinyeo, the traditional Koreanhairpin.
This was to prevent the sword from falling out of the scabbard, and the hole on the back of the shield was to secure the sword with a Binyeojang. Of course, it was not without its drawbacks. Additional processes were required for production, and of course there was a possibility of damage.[citation needed] And in fact, as it is not like there are no hobbyists in Hwando who can perform the minimal locking role, it is actually rather common for Hwando to also not have a locking device. It can be seen that the locking device was just one of the many styles of Hwando.[citation needed]
During theImjin War (1592-1598), theJoseon Army confiscatedJapanese swords.[13] However, the Japanese sword introduced during this period was not the origin of the Hwando. The Hwando and the Japanese Sword are similar in appearance, but in theJoseon dynasty, there was a clear distinction between the Hwando and the Japanese sword.[14][15]
According to historical relics, the Hwando and Japanese sword evolved independently sinceGoryeo dynasty and took on similar shapes with Katana before theImjin War.[16] This can be described asconvergent evolution, and historical documents show that the Hwando was influenced by the Central AsianSabre that came through theYuan dynasty[17][18] to theGoryeo dynasty rather than the influence of the Japanese sword. Although it is not recorded in the documents, some historians speculate that Joseon craftsmen making Hwando may have adopted some of the styles of Japanese swords through the Imjin War.[citation needed]
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Geom (검; 劍) is the Korean word for "sword;" it is typically used of double-edged swords, but is also applied to single-edged swords.Yedo (예도; 銳刀) is the specific term for a single-edged sword.
Elements of the Korean sword include:geomjip or scabbard, most often of lacquer;hyuljo or fuller (most genuine Korean swords didn't have a fuller);hwando magi or collar;ho in or collar;kodeungi or hand guard; a ring-design pommel; tassels; a round and wide designed sword guard, or a straight lotus design.[19]
Many different types of Do and Geom exist,[20] ranging from very simple forms found in many nations to unique and artistic designs found solely in Korea.
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The study of Korean sword as a weapons system is commonly calledGeom Beop (literally "Sword Law")
During theJoseon period, swords also had ranks depending on who wielded them and what their purpose was. The highest ranking of these swords was known as theByeol-ungeom (Korean: 별운검;Hanja: 別雲劍), literally meaning "cloud-splitting sword." Only two such swords existed and were wielded by the King's two bodyguards, who always stood on either side of him and held the nobility title ofUn'geom (Korean: 운검;Hanja: 雲劍).[citation needed]
Master swordsmen:
Only by the mid-1990s did Korean swordmaking come back to expert levels comparable to the Joseon era.[citation needed]Haedong jingeom (해동진검; 海東陣劍) This literally means 'East Asian Practical Sword' is the neologistic term for current-day swords for "revivals" of Korean swordsmanship.
Sword ownership in Korea is currently restricted (private weapons ownership was culturally frowned upon and largely restricted during other times in Korean history, particularly during the Joseon era and the Japanese occupation period - albeit for different reasons in either period), and there are very few traditional sword collectors in Korea today.[citation needed] General/flag-grade officers are given dress swords upon assuming command in the South Korean army. Despite restrictions on sword ownership and a lingering social preference against armed martial arts (dating at least to the Joseon era), practical sword fighting is enjoying a small revival amongst elite military regiments, and fencing is once again attracting interest in Korean universities.
In 2006, swords bestowed on newly promoted brigadier generals were changed from the single-edged curvedsamjeongdo, which was considered to be a traditional Korean sword, to the double-edged straightsamjeong-geom claiming that thesamjeongdo is similar to the "Western sword" and not reflecting the traditional Korean sword.Samjeongdo had been given to brigadier generals since 1983.[28][29]
In November 2015, the Statue of AdmiralYi Sun-Shin erected in Parliament was replaced with a newly created authentic statue. The sword of the statue was longer than the traditional Korean sword and more resembled the Japanese sword.[30][31]
