| Korafe | |
|---|---|
| Korafe-Yegha | |
| Gaina | |
| Native to | Papua New Guinea |
| Region | Oro Province |
Native speakers | (1,400 Gaina and Bareji cited 1971)[1] 3,600 Korafe and Yegha (2003) |
| Dialects | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Either:kpr – Korafe-Yeghagcn – Gaina-Bareji |
| Glottolog | gaen1235 |
Korafe is aPapuan language spoken inOro Province, in the "tail" ofPapua New Guinea. It is part of the Binanderean family of theTrans–New Guinea phylum of languages. Korafe or could also be called Kailikaili, Kaire, Korafe, Korafi, Korape, and Kwarafe is a language spoken in the Oro Province more specifically in the Tufi District, and Cape Nelson Headlands.
Korafe has been heavily influenced byOceanic languages.[4]
For the people that lived of the Korafe language lived with three main principles:
The Korafe people are a people that live in a mainly tribal manner as they wear very outlandish headgear as well as many other types of jewelry not commonly found anywhere else. The people were rich in culture and that can be seen within the complexity in the Korafe Language.
| Bilabial | Dental/Alveolar/Postveolar | Palatal | Velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | b | t d | k g | |
| Nasal | m | n | ||
| Tap or Flap | r | |||
| Fricative | f v | s | ç <j> | γ <h> |
| Approximant | j <y> |
The orthography is written in angular brackets where it differs from the IPA.
| front | central | back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Open | a | ||
| Mid | e̞ | o̞ | |
| Close | i | u |
| Uppercase letters | A | B | D | E | F | G | Gh | I | J | K | M | N | O | R | S | T | U | V | Y |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lowercase letters | a | b | d | e | f | g | gh | I | j | k | m | n | o | r | s | t | u | v | y |
| IPA | /ɑ/ | /b/ | /d/ | /e/ | /ɸ/ | /ɡ/ | /ɣ/ | /i/ | /ʤ/ | /k/ | /m/ | /n/ | /o/ | /ɾ/ | /s/ | /t/ | /u/ | /β/ | /j/ |
The Korafe language has primarilySOV or Subject-Object-Verb word order. An example of the use of Subject-Object-Verb word order is shown below:
ere-gov-ena
REP-plant.vs1-PRES.1S.FN
ere-gov-ena
REP-plant.vs1-PRES.1S.FN
‘I am planting’
| I | you | he,she,it | you(plural)/they | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Korafe | na | ni | nu | ne |
| who | what | which | how | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Korafe | ave/mave | re | ningi | ninge |
For stem verbs I the structure of that verb would be said root word followed by -e, -i, or -u.
sé
say.I
íti
cook.I
gémbu
write.I
sé íti gémbu
say.I cook.I write.I
Stem II verbs are normally somewhat close to Stem I verbs but with a few changes whether it be a vowel shift, reduplication etc. Normally, removes one of the vowels which are most likely -u, or -i
si
say.II
itutu
cook.II
gefu
write.II
si itutu gefu
say.II cook.II write.II
Verbs followserial verb construction, or basically using more than 1 verb next to each other in a clause.
si-r-ur-ono
ay.II-EPEN-IPF-SIM.lR.l
s
S.DS
gefu-sira
write.II-DP.3S.FN
si-r-ur-ono s gefu-sira
ay.II-EPEN-IPF-SIM.lR.l S.DS write.II-DP.3S.FN
'while I will be speaking' 'he wrote'
When creating a positivedeverbal it is a root word followed by the suffix -ari.
s-ari
say.I-DvB
'to speak/speaking'
it-ari
cook.l-DVB
'to cook/cooking'
gemb-ari
write.I-DVB
'to write/writing'
s-ari it-ari gemb-ari
say.I-DvB cook.l-DVB write.I-DVB
{'to speak/speaking'} {'to cook/cooking'} {'to write/writing'}
Negative versions of Positive Deverbals are the same structurally but just has a different suffix which for negatives is -ae
s-ae
say.l-not.do
'not saying'
it-ae
cook.l-not.do
'not cooking'
gemb-ae
write.l-not.do
'not writing'
s-ae it-ae gemb-ae
say.l-not.do cook.l-not.do write.l-not.do
{'not saying'} {'not cooking'} {'not writing'}
In Korafe only one heavy syllable is allowed (vv in the Rhyme)
Almost all imperfective verbs will use the -ere rules
ere-gefu
IPF-write.TI
'be writing'
ere-bundi
IPF-bind.II
'be binding'
ere-oji
IPF-butcher.I1
'be butchering'
ere-gefu ere-bundi ere-oji
IPF-write.TI IPF-bind.II IPF-butcher.I1
{'be writing'} {'be binding'} {'be butchering'}
2. Verb is stem two but have longer configurations such as VCVCV, CVCVCV, VNCVCV, CYNCVCV. In this case the -ere rule applies by having the root word followed by -ere.
teteru-ere-u t
eter-er-u
enter.II-IPF-do.lI.IMP
'be entering'
undudu-ere-u
undud-er-u
nurture.11-IPF-do.II'!MP
'be nurturing'
{teteru-ere-u t} undudu-ere-u
eter-er-u undud-er-u
enter.II-IPF-do.lI.IMP {nurture.11-IPF-do.II'! MP}
{'be entering'} {'be nurturing'}
Some phrases and expressions can be made with the use nominals and verbs together.
| Korafe N(N)+V: | Literal rendering | Free translation |
|---|---|---|
| isoro e | war make | 'wage war on enemies' |
| saramana e | work do | 'work' |
| dubo mema e | neck pain do | 'feel sad, grieve' |
| Baiboro se | Bible say | 'promise on the Bible' |
| kori se | shout say | 'shout' |
| tirotaroghe | ripples do again | ' slosh, ripple, lap' |
| (bain) bainghe | nod do again | 'nod off, bow head' |
The epenthetic rules are used in order to avoid changing the meaning of words that would be changed from suffixes.
For r-insertion it is normally used between the stem II verb and the -uru
gefu-uru
write.I1-IPF
gefu-r-uru
write.II-EPEN-IPF
gefu-uru gefu-r-uru
write.I1-IPF write.II-EPEN-IPF
'be writing while'
For this case an r is inserted between the stem II verb and the suffix -arira (will)
barija
rainfall
di-arira
rain-F.3S.FN
barija
rainfall
di-r-arira,
rain-EPEN-F.3S.FN
Not d-arira
barija di-arira barija di-r-arira,
rainfall rain-F.3S.FN rainfall rain-EPEN-F.3S.FN
'it will rain'
| Pre-head | Head | Post-Head |
|---|---|---|
| possessor | noun/nominal compound | (qualifier) (quantifier) (determiner) |
{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal= (help){{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal= (help){{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal= (help)