Kongsberg Municipality Kongsberg kommune | |
|---|---|
 Kongsberg in July 2006 | |
 Flag | |
| Nickname(s): Teknologibyen The City of Technology | |
 Buskerud within Norway | |
 Kongsberg within Buskerud | |
| Coordinates:59°40′10″N09°39′06″E / 59.66944°N 9.65167°E /59.66944; 9.65167 | |
| Country | Norway |
| County | Buskerud |
| District | Lower Buskerud |
| Administrative centre | Kongsberg |
| Government | |
| • Mayor(2015) | Kari Anne Sand (Sp) |
| Area | |
• Total | 792 km2 (306 sq mi) |
| • Land | 753 km2 (291 sq mi) |
| • Rank | #138s in Norway |
| Population (2011) | |
• Total | 25,090 |
| • Rank | #27 in Norway |
| • Density | 31.2/km2 (81/sq mi) |
| • Change(10 years) |  +8.9% |
| Demonym(s) | Kongsbering/ Kongsbergenser Kongsbergensar[1] |
| Official language | |
| • Norwegian form | Bokmål |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| ISO 3166 code | NO-3303[3] |
| Website | Official website |
Kongsberg (Norwegian pronunciation:[ˈkɔ̂ŋːsbær(ɡ)]ⓘ) is a historicalmining town andmunicipality inBuskerudcounty,Norway. The city is located on the riverNumedalslågen at the entrance to the valley ofNumedal. Kongsberg has been a centre ofsilver mining,arms production and forestry for centuries, and is the site of high technology industry including the headquarters of Norway's largest defence contractorKongsberg Gruppen.
Kongsberg, formerly spelledKonningsberg (lit. "King's Mountain"), was developed as a mining city on the basis of theKongsberg Silver Mines, founded by and named after KingChristian IV of Denmark and Norway in 1624. The king invited German engineers and other specialists fromSaxony and theHarz region to help build the mining company. As a mining city, Kongsberg had a distinct urban culture that contrasted with its surroundings, strongly influenced by the traditions of mining communities in Germany and where the German language was extensively used in mining business and for religious services. In the first years nearly half of the city's population were German immigrants, and the majority of the engineers and executives were German immigrants and their descendants well into the 19th century, becoming a distinct social class called mining families that formed the educated social elite of Kongsberg in contrast to the Norwegian farming population; the first Nobel laureate in economicsRagnar Frisch belonged to such a Kongsberg mining family. By the 18th century Kongsberg was Norway's second largest city, second only toBergen. Kongsberg was one of Norway's two privileged mining cities and thus formed a special mining jurisdiction (Bergstad), and only became part ofBuskerud county in 1760. On 1 January 1838, thenew national law, creating local governments, made Kongsberg a municipality. The rural municipalities ofYtre Sandsvær andØvre Sandsvær were merged into the municipality of Kongsberg in 1964. Kongsberg gradually lost importance to other cities in the 19th century, particularly to the rapidly growing capital ofChristiania (Oslo).
The Kongsberg Silver Mines closed in 1958 after operating for 334 years and is today a museum and the city's main tourist attraction. Kongsberg remains the site of theRoyal Norwegian Mint (Norwegian:Det Norske Myntverket), which mintsNorwegian coins and also produces circulating and collectors' coins for other countries. Kongsberg is also the home of Norway's majordefence contractor,Kongsberg Gruppen, founded in 1814. Two of its best-known products were theKongsberg Colt and theKrag–Jørgensen rifle.[4]
Both theUniversity of South-Eastern Norway Kongsberg campus, andTinius Olsen's school, a combined technical vocational college and secondary school, are located in Kongsberg.
| Ancestry | Number |
|---|---|
 Poland | 336 |
 Lithuania | 282 |
 India | 217 |
 Sweden | 211 |
 Denmark | 175 |
 Afghanistan | 164 |
 Iraq | 160 |
 Iran | 136 |
 UK | 127 |
 Eritrea | 118 |
 Philippines | 117 |
 Germany | 110 |
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Kongsberg was founded byDanish-Norwegian KingChristian IV as amining community in 1624 after the discovery of silver. In its second year, the town of Kongsberg and theKongsberg Silver Mines began. According to official records,silver was first discovered by the shepherds children Helga Verp and Jacob Grosvold in the summer of 1623. However, the existence of deposits of precious metals was known previously, as evidenced by indications of earlier silver mining. With the rise of silver mining, Kongsberg became the largest industrial center inNorway before the industrial revolution. At the peak of silver mining in the early eighteenth century, Kongsberg's silver mines and related industries contributed 10% of theDenmark–Norwaygross national product.
To develop theKongsberg Silver Mines,Christian IV hired Germans from the silver mines ofSaxony andHarz and brought in Germans from other mines inNorway. The Germans brought their knowledge of mining technology, especially important during the start-up phase. Before 1623, the city was located in the royal territory ofSandsvær.
Four years after the establishment of theKongsberg Silver Mines, most of the 1,500 workers and officials were still German. Gradually, Norwegians entered the workforce and were hired as supervisors. In 1636, 1,370 Germans and 1,600 Norwegians were employed there. In 1648, there were 1,500 Germans and 2,400 Norwegians working in Kongsberg.
Gunpowder was officially introduced in mining in 1681. Mining in the particularly hard rock of Kongsberg Mountain was energy intensive, so the silver mine continued to develop new technology to reduce production costs. A large artificial dam powered the mine's hoists before electricity was introduced. In 1624, a road fromHokksund to Kongsberg was built to serve theKongsberg Silver Mines, the most important road built in Norway in the 17th century. In 1665, the road was extended toKristiansand andLarvik.
By 1683, the mining industry was an important industry of the state. The rapid development of Kongsberg meant that the number of workers in the city had increased significantly by the end of the 17th century. The proportion of Norwegians in the workforce increased, but for a long time, the main staff was dominated by Germans. Kongsberg was almost an outpost of Germany in Norway: the mine had a German name, and the official language was German, only later becoming bilingual (German andDanish). In Kongsberg, the German mountain justice system was also used. Legally, this means that the city was bound by independent regulations, partially separating the mining community from the country's legal system. The Germans brought with them the Knappschaft, a guild-like association of miners that provided including free medical assistance, a pension plan, worker sick leave and a Saturday break. The ring agriculture characteristic of Kongsberg may also have been inspired by the German pattern.
The proceeds from silver mining provided a valuable assistance to the tight finances of Denmark.Denmark–Norway relied heavily on the silver of Kongsberg to support an ongoing war against Sweden. Precious metals also became more and more important in the currency, and to get closer to its source of raw materials, the Royal Mint moved in 1686 fromAkershus to Kongsberg. During theGreat Northern War in 1716, the city became the main target ofKarl XII's foray into Norderhof.
Kongsberg was particularly known for itsKongsberg Silver Mines and their high purity. Kongsberg's ore also contained a certain amount of gold and large amounts ofcopper,cobalt,lead-zinc andfluorite. Roughly 15,750 tonnes (34,720,000 lb)[6] of silver was extracted between the discovery of the silverore seams in 1623 and the last year ofmining in 1957. The workforce at the Kongsberg silver mine began to increase substantially at the end of the 17th century. In the 1769census, the mines employed about 4,000 workers. With 8,000 inhabitants in all, the town was the second largest in Norway, afterBergen (and thus larger than today's capital,Oslo).[7]
In Norway's 1749census, Kongsberg was the most populous town inEastern Norway. It was granted itsroyal charter of trade—amounting to officialtownship—in 1802. Following several hard years with reduced silver output from the mines, the war of 1807–1814, and a severe town fire in 1810 where 56 houses on the west side were destroyed, mining was complemented by the government establishing adefense industry in 1814. By 1835, the population had declined to 3,540.
Kongsberg is home to theRoyal Norwegian Mint (Norwegian:Det Norske Myntverket), which mintsNorwegian coins and also produces circulating and collectors' coins for other countries such as Israel. It was established in 1686, and was renamed from theRoyal Norwegian Mint (Norwegian:Den Kongelige Mynt) in 2004 after having been sold to private investors (theMint of Finland and Norwegian companySamlerhuset) in 2003. Kongsberg is also the site of theKongsberg School of Mines (Kongsberg Bergseminar), an academic institution for mining technology which operated from 1757 to 1814.[8][9]
During peaceful times, the defence industry gradually evolved into many other kinds ofhigh tech activities as well, now dominating the town's employment.[citation needed] In 1987, however, the state-owned Kongsberg Weapons Factory (Kongsberg Vaapenfabrikk) suffered a major financial crisis as well as accusations of breaching theCoCom rules by selling sensitive technology to theSoviet bloc.[citation needed] As a result, the company was split into several smaller units and partly sold to private investors.[citation needed] Today, the separate firms thrive as one of Norway's main high-tech industrial clusters, centering on the defence and maritime companyKongsberg Gruppen which is listed on theOslo Stock Exchange.[citation needed]
On 13 October 2021,a man stabbed multiple people with a bladed weapon, killing five and injuring three. Police subsequently apprehended a suspect whom the Kongsberg police chief later told reporters was aMuslim convert.[10][11]
Thecoat-of-arms is from modern times and was designed byHallvard Trætteberg. They were granted on 25 August 1972. They are based upon the old seal for the city from 1689 which shows theRoman godJanus dressed as anemperor (to represent the king); thesword and the pair of scales representsjustice. The colour green represents the forests, silver represents the mountains, and gold represents wealth.[12]
Kongsberg is located at the mouth of the valleyNumedal; farther to the South the valley is calledLågendalen.
The neighbouring municipalities of Kongsberg areFlesberg to the north;Øvre Eiker andHof to the east;Lardal,Siljan, andSkien to the south; andSauherad andNotodden to the west. Of these, the two first lie in Buskerud county like Kongsberg, while Hof and Lardal lie inVestfold, and the others lie inTelemark. The town is divided by the riverNumedalslågen, which has threewaterfalls in the town itself.
Kongsberg has ahumid continental climate (Dfb), with late summer and autumn as the wettest season and February – April as the driest season. Kongsberg has warm summers by Norwegian standards; average daily highs in summer are comparable to Oslo. In winter Kongsberg is colder than Oslo, and snow cover on the ground is common. The largest snow depth recorded is 123 cm on 3 March 2006.The all-time high temperature 34.6 °C (94.3 °F) was recorded 19 June 1970, while 10 August 1975 recorded 34.5 °C (94.1 °F). The all-time low −32.5 °C (−26.5 °F) was recorded 3 January 1941. As pr January 2022, all monthly record lows are old, 11 from before 1950. All record highs are from after 1950, 5 of 12 from after 2000 (pr January 2022). Kongsberg has recorded 30 °C (86 °F) as early as 14 May (in 2000). The weather station Kongsberg brannstasjon has recorded since 2003, extremes includes data from Kongsberg II, III and IV.
| Climate data for Kongsberg 1991-2020 (170 m, extremes 1915-2020 also includes earlier stations) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 14.2 (57.6) | 16.7 (62.1) | 20.5 (68.9) | 26.2 (79.2) | 30.1 (86.2) | 34.6 (94.3) | 32.9 (91.2) | 34.5 (94.1) | 28 (82) | 24.6 (76.3) | 15.9 (60.6) | 13.8 (56.8) | 34.6 (94.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −4.2 (24.4) | −3.2 (26.2) | 0.4 (32.7) | 5.1 (41.2) | 10.5 (50.9) | 14.5 (58.1) | 16.7 (62.1) | 15.2 (59.4) | 10.8 (51.4) | 5 (41) | 0.2 (32.4) | −3.8 (25.2) | 5.6 (42.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −32.5 (−26.5) | −29.3 (−20.7) | −25.3 (−13.5) | −16.9 (1.6) | −7.6 (18.3) | −1.1 (30.0) | 2 (36) | 0.3 (32.5) | −4.9 (23.2) | −14.1 (6.6) | −22 (−8) | −31.1 (−24.0) | −32.5 (−26.5) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 64.7 (2.55) | 40.8 (1.61) | 42.9 (1.69) | 46.3 (1.82) | 66.2 (2.61) | 79.4 (3.13) | 85.7 (3.37) | 96.1 (3.78) | 84.5 (3.33) | 95.4 (3.76) | 88.6 (3.49) | 59.1 (2.33) | 849.7 (33.47) |
| Source 1: Norwegian Meteorological Institute/yr.no[13] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Værogvind[14] | |||||||||||||
The main highways are theE134, crossing Kongsberg east to west (and connected to theE18 toOslo), andNorwegian national road 40(Riksvei 40), going north to south. TheSørland Line stops at Kongsberg Rail Station, with connection to local and regional bus lines.
With the population increase during the town's silver mining heyday of the mid-eighteenth century came the need for a new church, which was built over a 21-year period and inaugurated in 1761. It has an austere redbrick exterior, but a richly decoratedbaroque interior including uniquechandeliers made atNøstetangen Glass Works in neighbouringHokksund. Kongsberg Church remains one of the largest in Norway with aseating capacity of 2,400.
The church's original baroque-erapipe organ, made by renowned Germanorgan builderGottfried Heinrich Gloger in 1760–65, was fully restored byJürgen Ahrend in 1999–2000 and reopened to great fanfare in January 2001. With its 42 voices, it is the largest baroque organ inScandinavia. At the end of January each year, the Gloger Music Festival now draws a select crowd of artists and music lovers from all over the world.
Since 1964, Kongsberg has hostedKongsberg Jazzfestival, an annual internationaljazz festival. Heavily sponsored by the local industry, prominent world acts such asB. B. King,Diana Krall,Ornette Coleman,Joshua Redman andJohn Scofield have played at the festival in recent years.
The town is known for many greatski jumpers.Birger Ruud and his two brothers, as well as many other townsmen, such asPetter Hugsted, won numerous medals in Winter Olympics and other international championships in the 1930s and 1940s. The first ski jumping technique, theKonsberger was developed byJacob Tullin Thams andSigmund Ruud in Kongsberg, and was the most popular ski jumping technique from the late 1920s to the late 1950s. Their medals and equipment can be seen at theKongsberg Skiing Museum (Kongsberg Skimuseum) which is co-located with theNorwegian Mining Museum (Norsk Bergverksmuseum) in central Kongsberg. Inventor of the modernski binding,Norwegian-American skier and Olympic skiing coachHjalmar Hvam, was born in Kongsberg in 1902.Recent winter sports athletes of the Kongsberg region include Olympic snowboardersStine Brun Kjeldaas,Silje Norendal andHalvor Lunn;cross-country ski sprinterBørre Næss of the villageEfteløt; and ski jumperSigurd Pettersen of nearby municipalityRollag (60 km/37 mi north of Kongsberg). A large ski centre foralpine skiing andsnowboarding, with severallifts and ca 320 m of height difference has been in operation and gradually expanding since 1965. Kongsberg hosted the cross-country skiing parts of the 2006Nordic skiing National Championships. The arranging sports club was IL Skrim, the ski tracks being located atHeistadmoen, a former military camp.
The local basketball teamKongsberg Miners is regarded one of the best teams in the country.
The1978 World Orienteering Championships were held in Kongsberg.[15]
Motorcycle speedway has been prominent in Kongsberg. The first track existed at the Kongsberg Idrettsparken and it held the final of theNorwegian Individual Speedway Championship in 1969.[16] More recently speedway practices have sporadically been run on an oval track (known as Basserudåsen Speedway) constructed by the NMK Kongsberg, adjacent to the Kongsberg Motorsenter Gokart.[17] This site also held the final of the Norwegian Championships in 1997, 1998 and 2003.
This attraction (Kronene i Håvet) is a site where Norwegian royal monograms have been carved into the mountainside overlooking Kongsberg to mark royal visits to the city. In June 1704 KingFrederik IV visited Kongsberg and started a tradition that is still celebrated. King Frederik also arranged for the monograms of visits from earlier monarchs to be recorded as well.
The first monogram on the hillside property belonged toChristian IV who in 1624 founded Kongsberg at the site of the newly discovered silver deposits. His visit was followed by that ofFrederik III (1648) andChristian V (1685).Christian VI and his Queen Sofie Magdalene (1733),Frederik V (1749),Oscar I (1845),Oscar II (1890),Haakon VII (1908),Olav V (1962) and most recentlyHarald V (1995).
Kongsberg Technology Park is a part of Kongsberg that is located in Kirkegårdsveien 45 and the Arsenal on Kongsgårdsmoen. It has over 5.200 employees, spread across 60 nationalities and 48 countries and can trace its roots back to 1814. Among the tenants in Kongsberg Technology Park are Kongsberg Gruppen,Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace,GKN Aerospace,Siemens Energy, Kongsberg Terotech,TechnipFMC,Data Respons, andKongsberg Precision Cutting Systems.[18]
The park also manages properties inStjørdal,Horten,Sandefjord,Skedsmo,Asker,Bærum,Oslo,Rygge,Kristiansand,Stavanger,Ulsteinvik andBrattvåg.
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Chitose, Japan
Espoo, Finland
Gouda, NetherlandsKøge, DenmarkKristianstad, Sweden
Skagafjörður, Iceland
Buskerud travel guide from WikivoyageKongsberg travel guide from WikivoyagePlaces adjacent to Kongsberg | |
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