| Kolkata Metro | |||
|---|---|---|---|
 | |||
.jpg) The Orange line of Kolkata Metro | |||
| Overview | |||
| Owner | Indian Railways | ||
| Area served | Kolkata metropolitan region | ||
| Locale | Kolkata,West Bengal, India | ||
| Transit type | Rapid transit | ||
| Number of lines | 6 | ||
| Line number | |||
| Number of stations | Operational: 58[a] Under construction: 22 Proposed/ approved: 26 | ||
| Daily ridership | 597,260 (2024–25) | ||
| Annual ridership | 218,100,000 (218.1 million, 2024–25)[1][2] | ||
| Website | |||
| Operation | |||
| Began operation | 24 October 1984; 41 years ago (1984-10-24) | ||
| Operator(s) | Metro Railway, Kolkata; Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation | ||
| Infrastructure manager | Indian Railways | ||
| Character | Elevated, At-grade, Underground | ||
| Train length | 6 to 8 coaches | ||
| Headway | 6 to 24 minutes | ||
| Technical | |||
| System length | 73.42 km (45.62 mi)(operational) 138.82 km (86.26 mi)(Total proposed) | ||
| Track gauge | |||
| Electrification | 750 V DC third rail | ||
| Average speed | 30 km/h (18.64 mph) | ||
| Top speed | 80 km/h (50 mph) | ||
| |||
TheKolkata Metro is arapid transit system serving the city ofKolkata and theKolkata Metropolitan Region inWest Bengal,India. Opened in 1984, it is the firstrapid transit system inSouth Asia. It has5 color-coded lines with58 operational stations[a] with a total length of 73.42 km (45.62 mi),[3][4] making it India'sfourth largest and fourth busiestmetro rail system. The system has a mix of underground, at-grade, and elevated stations using bothbroad-gauge andstandard-gauge tracks. It operates on a750 V DCThird rail system. Trains operate between 06:30 and 22:44IST.
The Kolkata Metro was initially planned in the 1920s, but construction started in the 1970s. The first underground stretch, fromBhawanipore (nowNetaji Bhawan) toEsplanade, opened in 1984. A truncated section of Green Line, or the East–West Corridor, from Salt Lake Sector V to Howrah Maidan, was opened in 2020. Purple Line, or the Joka–Eden Gardens Corridor (currently truncated inMajerhat), opened in 2022, Orange Line, from Kavi Subhash toBeleghata, opened in 2024. The Yellow Line, from Noapara toJai Hind, opened in 2025.
As of 2025, Kolkata metro has the deepest metro station and largest underground metro station in India.Howrah metro station ofGreen Line is the deepest metro station in India with depth of 34 m (112 ft). Also at the time of inauguration, it was the largest metro station of India.[5] In August 2025,Jai Hind metro station ofYellow Line became the largest metro station in India, as well as one of largest in Asia.[6]
Metro Railway, Kolkata andKolkata Metro Rail Corporation are the owners and operator of the system. On 29 December 2010, Metro Railway, Kolkata, became the 17th zone of theIndian Railways, completely owned and funded by theMinistry of Railways. It is the only metro system in the country to be controlled entirely by Indian Railways. Around 300 daily train trips carry more than 800,000 passengers.
In the September 1919 session of the Imperial Legislative Council atShimla, a committee was set up byW. E. Crum that recommended a metro line forKolkata (formerlyCalcutta).[7] This line was supposed to connect Bagmari in the east to Benaras Road,Salkia, in Howrah in the west via a tunnel beneathHooghly River. The estimated construction costs were £3,526,154, about₹36.4crore (equivalent to₹70 billion or US$830 million in 2023) based on current exchange rates, and the proposed deadline was 1925–1926. The proposed line was 10.4 km (6.5 mi) long, about 4 km (2.5 mi) shorter than the currentGreen Line, which would connectEast Bengal Railway in Bagmari andEast Indian Railway in Benaras Road. The tickets were priced at 3 annas (₹ 0.1875) for the full trip. Crum also mentioned a north–south corridor back then. An east–west metro railway connection, named the "East–West Tube Railway", was proposed for Kolkata in 1921 byHarley Dalrymple-Hay.[8] All the reports can be found in his 1921 bookCalcutta Tube Railways. However, in 1923, the proposal was not undertaken due to a lack of funds.[9][7][10]
Then theChief Minister of West Bengal,Bidhan Chandra Roy, reconceived the idea of an underground railway for Kolkata from 1949 to 1950. A team ofFrench experts conducted a survey, but nothing concrete materialized. Efforts to solve the traffic problem by augmenting the existing fleet of public transport vehicles hardly helped, since roads accounted for only 4.2 percent of the surface area in Kolkata, compared with 25 percent inDelhi and 30 percent in other cities. To find alternative solutions, the Metropolitan Transport Project (MTP) was set up in 1969. The MTP, with the help ofSoviet specialists, Lenmetroproekt andEast German engineers, prepared a master plan to provide five rapid-transit (metro) lines for the city of Kolkata, totaling a length of 97.5 km (60.6 mi), in 1971.[11] Three were selected for construction. These were:[12][13]
The highest priority was given to the busy north–south corridor between Dum Dum and Tollygunge over a length of 16.45 km (10.22 mi); work on this project was approved on 1 June 1972. A tentative deadline was fixed to complete all the corridors by 1991.[14]
Since it was India's first metro and was constructed as a completely indigenous process, a traditionalcut-and-cover method and drivenshield tunneling was chosen and the Kolkata Metro was more of a trial-and-error affair, in contrast to theDelhi Metro, which saw the involvement of multiple international consultants. As a result, it took nearly 23 years to completely construct the 17 km (11 mi) underground railway.[13][15]
The foundation stone of the project was laid byIndira Gandhi, thePrime Minister of India, on 29 December 1972, and construction work started in 1973–74. Initially,cut and cover along withslurry wall construction to handle soft ground, was recommended by theSoviet Union consultants. Later, in 1977, it was decided to adopt both shield tunneling and cut and cover methods for the construction of underpopulated areas, sewer lines, water mains, electrical cables, telephone cables, tram lines, canals, etc. The technology was provided by M/s NIKEX Hungarian Co., Budapest.[16] In the early days, the project was led by theUnion Railway Minister from West Bengal,A. B. A. Ghani Khan Choudhury, often against the prevailing socio-political stance of his contemporaries in the West Bengal government. From the start of construction, the project had to contend with several problems including insufficient funds (until 1977–1978), a shifting of underground utilities, court injunctions, and an irregular supply of vital materials.[13][17] In 1977, an injunction for the allocation of new funding was passed by the newly electedJyoti Basu government.[18]
Despite all the hurdles, services began on 24 October 1984, with the commissioning of a partial commercial service covering a distance of 3.40 km (2.11 mi) with five stations served between Esplanade andBhowanipur (currentlyNetaji Bhavan).[11] The first metro was driven by Tapan Kumar Nath and Sanjoy Kumar Sil.[19] The service was quickly followed by commuter services on another 2.15 km (1.34 mi) stretch in the north betweenDum Dum andBelgachhia on 12 November 1984. The commuter service was extended toTollygunge on 29 April 1986, covering a further distance of 4.24 km (2.63 mi), making the service available over a distance of 9.79 km (6.08 mi) and covering 11 stations. However, the services on the north section were suspended starting 26 October 1992, as this small, isolated section was little used.[17] TheBlue Line was almost entirely built by cut and cover method, while a small 1.09 km stretch between Belgachia and Shyambazar was built using shield tunneling with compressed air and air locks, since the alignment crossed a railway yard (nowKolkata railway station) andCircular Canal.[16][20][21]
After more than eight years, the 1.62 km (1.01 mi)Belgachhia–Shyambazaar section, along with the Dum Dum–Belgachhia stretch, was opened on 13 August 1994. Another 0.71 km (0.44 mi) stretch fromEsplanade toChandni Chowk was commissioned shortly afterward, on 2 October 1994. TheShyambazaar-Shobhabazar–Girish Park (1.93 km [1.20 mi]) andChandni Chowk–Central (0.60 km [0.37 mi]) sections were opened on 19 February 1995. Services on the entire stretch of the Metro were introduced from 27 September 1995 by bridging the 1.80 km (1.12 mi) gap withMahatma Gandhi Road metro station in the middle.[22]
In 1999–2000, the extension ofBlue Line along an elevated corridor from Tollygunge to New Garia, with six stations, was sanctioned at a cost of₹907crore (equivalent to₹39 billion or US$460 million in 2023).[23] The section was constructed and opened in two phases,Mahanayak Uttam Kumar toKavi Nazrul in 2009 and Kavi Nazrul toKavi Subhash in 2010. In the north, the line was extended tillNoapara from Dum Dum on 10 July 2013.[24] The latest extension opened was the 4.1 km (2.5 mi) stretch fromNoapara to Dakshineswar on 23 February 2021.[13][17][25]
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The master plan of the metro corridor was made in 1971 along with the North–South Corridor, connecting the office district ofBidhannagar with the twin city andtransportation hubHowrah via another transport hub of the city,Sealdah, and thecentral business districtEsplanade by an underwater metro line. It is a₹4,874.6crore (equivalent to₹140 billion or US$1.6 billion in 2023) project, sanctioned in 2008 by Prime MinisterManmohan Singh. The foundation stone was laid on 22 February 2009 and construction started in March 2009.[26] The autonomousKolkata Metro Rail Corporation (KMRC) was formed to implement the project. TheGovernment of India (Ministry of Urban Development) andGovernment of West Bengal each had a half-share in it. Later, the Government of West Bengal pulled out from it, and the shares were transferred to theMinistry of Railways.[27]
The realignment led to many other issues and delays. Some of the biggest issues were the H-piles under the Esplanade metro station and the Bowbazar mishap. Per the 1971 master plan, the East-West Corridor was supposed to pass under Central metro station, so the square foundational beams in Esplanade were not removed. Since thetunnel boring machines cannot cut through steel, another small tunnel was dug usingNew Austrian tunneling method (NATM) and the H-piles were cut manually. This extended the tunneling process by one and a half months.[30][31][32] In September 2019, during the construction of the eastbound tunnel (from Esplanade toSealdah), a machine hit anaquifer under Bowbazar, causing a major collapse in the area, delaying work in that section for several months. Around 80 houses were damaged and many buildings were declared unsafe, affecting more than 600 people. Later subsidence in the area was checked using grouting.[33][34][35]
By 2011–2012, theRailway Ministry had announced plans for the construction of five new metro lines and an extension of the existing north–south corridor. These were:[36][37]
A new four-platforminterchange station was constructed at Noapara and Kavi Subhash. This acts as an interchange station for Blue Line withYellow Line andOrange Line respectively. After opening of Yellow Line , all four platforms are now operational, whereas, from 6 March 2024, all four platforms of Kavi Subhash were in operation, until 28 July 2025, when the Blue Line platforms were temporarily closed for reconstruction.[24][38][39][40]
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The existing Esplanade metro station was upgraded and a subway was constructed to the new metro station to provide an interchange among Blue Line,Green Line and futurePurple Line.[41] Additional interchanges were built atSalt Lake Sector-V (green line)-IT Centre (orange line) andJai Hind (Yellow line-Orange line) metro stations.[42] In 2009–2010, Blue Line underwent upgrades of services and amenities and many stations were renamed after famous personalities by then Minister of Railways Mamata Banerjee.[43]
 Salt Lake Sector-V (Green)-IT Centre (Orange) |  Kavi Subhash (Blue-Orange) |  Noapara (Blue-Yellow) |  Esplanade (Blue-Green) |
_time_lapse_pics_30.jpg) Jai Hind (Yellow-Orange) |
| Operational | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Line | First run | Last extension | Number of stations | Length (km) | Terminals | Rolling stock | Track gauge (mm) | Headway (min) | |
| Blue Line | 24 Oct 1984[44] | 22 Feb 2021 | 26 | 32.13 | Dakshineswar | Kavi Subhash | ICF,CRRC Dalian | 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) | 6 – 15 |
| Green Line | 13 Feb 2020[45] | 22 August 2025 | 12 | 16.6 | Salt Lake Sector-V | Howrah Maidan | BEML | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)[46] | 8 – 15 |
| Purple Line | 30 Dec 2022[47] | 6 March 2024 | 7 | 7.75 | Majerhat | Joka | ICF | 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) | 21 |
| Yellow Line | 22 August 2025 | – | 4 | 7.04 | Noapara | Jai Hind | ICF,CRRC Dalian | 12 – 20 | |
| Orange Line | 6 March 2024 | 22 August 2025 | 9 | 9.9 | Kavi Subhash | Beleghata | ICF | 25 | |
| Total | 58[a] | 73.42 | |||||||
| Under construction | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Line | Segment | Number of stations | Length (km) | Tentative completion |
| Purple Line | Majerhat toEsplanade | 5 | 6.5 | 2028[48] |
| Yellow Line | Jai Hind toMichael Nagar | 2 | 2.06 | 2027 |
| Orange Line | Beleghata toJai Hind | 15 | 19.97 | 2026[49] |
| Total | 22 | 28.53 | ||
| Approved[b] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Line | Segment | Number of stations | Length (km) | Tentative completion |
| Green Line (Extension) | Salt Lake Sector-V toTeghoria | 5 | 6.65 | |
| Purple Line | Eden Gardens toEsplanade | 1 | 1.6 | |
| IIM-Joka toJoka[50] | 1 | 1.7 | ||
| Purple Line (Branch) | IIM-Joka toDiamond Park | 1 | 1.69 | |
| Yellow Line | Michael Nagar to Barasat | 4 | 7.6 | |
| Pink Line | Baranagar toBarrackpore | 10 | 12.50[51] | |
| Total | 22 | 31.74 | ||
| Proposed[c] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Line | Segment | Number of stations | Length (km) | Tentative completion |
| Purple Line (Branch) | Mahanayak Uttam Kumar toDiamond Park | 4 | 8.5 | |
| Yellow Line (Revision) | Michael Nagar to Suripukur | 8 | 11.9 | |
| Total | 12 | 20.4 | ||
| Total network (combined) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Line | Number of station | Length (km) | ||
| Blue Line | 26 | 32.13 | ||
| Green Line | 17 | 23.25 | ||
| Purple Line | 15 | 20.07 | ||
| Yellow Line | 14 | 21 | ||
| Pink Line | 10 | 12.50 | ||
| Orange Line | 24 | 29.87 | ||
| Total | 106[d] | 138.82 | ||
Blue Line has a total length of 32.13 kilometres (19.96 mi) serving 26Kolkata Metro stations, of which 15 are underground, 9 are elevated and 2 at-grade. It uses the5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm)broad gauge tracks. It was the first underground railway to be built in India, with the first trains running in October 1984 and the full stretch that had been initially planned completed and operational by February 1995. The southward extension of the Blue Line to an elevated corridor fromTollygunge toNew Garia was constructed and opened in two phases,Mahanayak Uttam Kumar toKavi Nazrul in 2009 and Kavi Nazrul toKavi Subhash in 2010. Another extension constructed was the 2.59 km (1.61 mi) elevated corridor from Dum Dum toNoapara in 2013.[17][52][53] The last 4.13 km (2.57 mi) extension from Noapara to Dakshineswar opened in 2021, thus completing the Blue line.[54]
A northward extension from Dum Dum toDakshineswar (6.20 km [3.85 mi]) was sanctioned and included in the 2010–2011 budget at a cost of₹227.53crore (equivalent to₹510 crore or US$60 million in 2023). The commercial operations for Dum Dum to Noapara (2.09 km [1.30 mi]) were commissioned in March 2013, and construction from Noapara to Dakshineswar with an interchange with Pink Line at Baranagar (2.38 km [1.48 mi]) is being executed by RVNL. This section is opened on 23 February 2021 for general public.[55][56]
An upgrade of the existing signaling system from Indian Railways Signalling toCommunication Based Train Control was proposed by Metro Railway, Kolkata, at a cost of₹467crore (equivalent to₹550 crore or US$65 million in 2023), and was sent to Indian Railways. Work is also ongoing to upgrade its old stainless steel third rail to more modern and sustainable aluminium third rail. This could help reduce energy loss by about 84% and solve the problem of voltage drops. This also decrease the time interval between trains to just 90 seconds from 5 minutes. Indian Railways approved the proposal, installation work ofCommunication Based Train Control signal is expected to be started after conversation of third rail (which is expected to be completed within 2 years) and will be completed within 2–3 years.[57]
On July 28, 2025, cracks were detected in the last four columns of the Line-1 Up platform atKavi Subhash station. So, the Line-1 platforms of the station were closed to passengers as a safety measure and the trains are being terminatedShahid Khudiram station. However, the empty rakes would continue to run up to the station for reversal and maintenance at its depot.[58] On investigation, it was found that the damage on the columns supporting the platforms were weakened beyond repair. So, Metro Authorities decided to raze the entire Line-1 complex of the station (keeping the tracks intact) and rebuild it. E-tenders were floated and the work is expected to be completed within ten months.[59]
Green Line, is the metro corridor to connectKolkata withHowrah by an underwater tunnel below theHooghly River. The length was supposed to be 14.67 km (9.12 mi), 8.9 km (5.5 mi) underground and 5.77 km (3.59 mi) elevated. However, the project was stalled several times due to land acquisition and slum relocation issues. A major route realignment in 2013 increased the length to 16.55 km (10.28 mi). The elevated stretch is 5.77 km (3.59 mi) long while the underground stretch is 10.81 km (6.72 mi). The planned intersection with theBlue Line atCentral was re-aligned toEsplanade (interchanges withBlue Line andPurple Line). In September 2019, during the construction of the eastbound tunnel betweenSealdah metro station andEsplanade metro station, atunnel boring machine hit anaquifer atBowbazar, causing a major collapse in the area, delaying work on that section for several months.[60] These issues have caused massive delays to the project, and foreign currency losses had led to an 80 percent cost escalation of the project to nearly₹8,996.96crore (equivalent to₹130 billion or US$1.5 billion in 2023).[61][62]
BetweenMahakaran andHowrah, the metro runs under theHooghly River– the biggest and the onlyunderwater metro tunnel in India.[29] Transfer stations with railways are located at two major railway stations,Sealdah andHowrah. A new elevated extension fromSector-V toTeghoria was sanctioned a distance of 5.5 km (3.4 mi) at a budget of₹674crore (equivalent to₹969 crore or US$110 million in 2023) in 2016.[63] FromTeghoria, passengers can take theOrange Line metro.[51]
The line fromSector-V toSalt Lake Stadium was inaugurated on 13 February 2020 by the thenMinister of RailwaysPiyush Goyal after 11 years of construction.[64][65] Services were extended on 4 October 2020 toPhoolbagan metro station, the first underground station of the line.[66][67] The extension added 1.66 km (1.03 mi) to the existing line.[68] On July 11, 2022, this line was extended tillSealdah. On 6 March 2024, the Esplanade - Howrah Maidan section was inaugurated byPrime MinisterNarendra Modi, leaving only 2.9 km between the two functional stations to be joined.[69][70][71]
On 13 January 2025, the remaining 2.9 km between the two functional stations,Esplanade andSealdah were successfully connected; but the separate signalling systems for the two operating parts of the line had not been unified. With the whole connection open for traffic,the travel time between the two railway stations was brought down to just 11 minutes.[72][73] The remaining Sealdah–Esplanade stretch opened on 22 August 2025.[74]
Previously, the stretch fromThakurpukur toMajerhat was surveyed as a branch line of thecircular railway, and a metro line fromMajerhat toDakshineswar viaSealdah (interchange withGreen Line) was planned.[12] This plan was scrapped and a new metro line from further south in Joka to BBD Bagh was sanctioned in 2010–2011 with a total length of 17.22 km (10.70 mi) at an anticipated cost of₹2,619.02crore (equivalent to₹59 billion or US$690 million in 2023). Later the route was truncated to Esplanade. The corridor runs along Diamond Harbour Road, Khidirpur Road, and Jawaharlal Nehru Road, major arterial roads of Kolkata, and has passenger interchange facilities with the Blue Line and Green line at Esplanade and Blue line at Park street. The proposed Esplanade station will not be the same as that of the Blue Line and Green Line but a different station that will be built at B.C. Roy market ground. The line now has a new depot inJoka. Due to land acquisition problems[75] and objections from theMinistry of Defence, construction has been delayed several times since the beginning.[76] Defence Ministry objected that the elevated corridor would overlook theEastern Command headquarters atFort William, Ordinance Depot at Mominpore. The change in alignment from elevated to underground increased the construction cost of the stretch from₹139 crore (equivalent to₹164 crore or US$19 million in 2023) to₹3,000crore (equivalent to₹35 billion or US$420 million in 2023).[77] The work resumed in several phases and new bids were invited byRail Vikas Nigam Limited (RVNL) in April 2020.[78][79][80] It is India's first metro line to run on indigenous head hardened rails, manufactured byJindal Steel & Power.[81] The extension of this line to IIM and Diamond Park for 2 km (1.2 mi) was sanctioned in the 2012–2013 Budget at a cost of₹294.49crore (equivalent to₹555 crore or US$66 million in 2023). The work is being executed by RVNL.[82][36][51]
The line has 3 phases:
TheMominpur metro station was planned to be built across a 2500 sq. m area. However, the Ministry of Defence objected to the elevated structure, saying that it would overlook the Ordnance depot. This forced RVNL to stall the entire project, and RVNL almost dropped the station from the plan even though it alone would have a projected 20,000 passengers during peak hours. Underground Mominpur station was also not possible due to the sharp gradient fromTaratala metro station.[83] After a series of discussions and consultations with the Ministry of Defence and Government of West Bengal in 2016, it was decided to shift the station around 1 km (0.62 mi) northward, near the Alipore Bodyguard Lines.[84] But, after a year Defence Ministry approved the Mominpur metro station in its original location as the change in alignment would have delayed the project and budget overrun. It will be the last elevated station of the corridor.[83][85] Now, the proposed underground Khidirpur metro station is planned at the Alipore Bodyguard Lines.[86] There were also hurdles regarding clearance for tunneling under defence lands.[84] In 2020, the Defence Ministry eased out the process as lease rent wasn't required anymore for tunneling as long the overground ownership of the land did not change.[77] On 30 December 2022 the Joka - Taratala section and on 6 March 2024, the Taratala - Majerhat section was inaugurated remotely by Honourable Prime Minister Narendra Modi, completing the 7.75 km Phase 1 stretch. On 12 January 2025, it was reported that Metro authorities decided to extend the line toEden Gardens instead of Esplanade to facilitate commuters and connect Strand Road, BBD Bag and Calcutta High Court.[87] Subsequently, in March 2025 railways sanctioned₹1,000crore (equivalent to₹19 billion or US$220 million in 2023) for the extension.[88]
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The work of integrating theCircular Railway fromDum Dum Cantonment toBiman Bandar into a 6.249 km (3.883 mi) new metro line fromNoapara toNetaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport was sanctioned in the 2010–2011 budget.[51] The cost of the project is₹184.83crore (equivalent to₹415 crore or US$49 million in 2023). An eastward extension from Biman Bandar to Barasat over 10.627 km (6.603 mi)[51] was also sanctioned and included in the 2010–2011 budget. The cost of the project is₹2,397.72crore (equivalent to₹49 billion or US$580 million in 2023). The work on this project from Noapara toBarasat is being executed by Metro Railway, Kolkata.[89] Due to multiple delays and hurdles, the total cost of the project had grown to₹4,829.57crore (equivalent to₹65 billion or US$760 million in 2023).[90]
Following an objection from theAirports Authority of India (AAI), the route was further reworked. Instead of using theCircular Line'sJessore Road andBiman Bandar railway station,Jessore Road andJai Hind metro station were planned at-grade and underground, respectively. This stretch will continue underground tillBarasat after Prime MinisterNarendra Modi's approval[91] which was tillNew Barrackpore earlier. As of 2024, the construction work has started from the airport to New Barrackpore underground link, and the bidding for the New Barrackpore to Barasat line extension is expected to start.
The first phase of work fromNoapara toJai Hind opened on 22 August 2025.[74]
The Pink Line is the northward extension from Baranagar to Barrackpore [12.45 km (7.74 mi)]. It was sanctioned at a cost of₹2,069.6crore (equivalent to₹46 billion or US$550 million in 2023) in the 2010–2011 budget. This line was meant to enable a quick commute from the northernmost suburbs toSouth Kolkata. The work corridor is being executed by RVNL. As of October 2025, no physical construction has commenced, and the project has been stalled as metro construction would affect the water pipelines alongBarrackpore Trunk Road.[92] To avoid this, another proposal was made to continue this line through theKalyani Expressway. Eleven metro stations were planned on this route.[36]
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A connection between New Garia andNetaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport (29.87 km [18.56 mi])[51] via EM Bypass, Salt Lake and Rajarhat-New Town was sanctioned to reduce travel time between the southern fringes of Kolkata and the airport. Work on this line was inaugurated by the then Railway Minister Mamata Banerjee on 7 February 2011 with a project deadline of six years.[93] The link betweenKavi Subhash andJai Hind, to be set up at a cost of₹4,259.50 crore (equivalent to₹50 billion or US$590 million in 2023),[94] will have 24 stations with the terminal Jai Hind metro station being an underground one. The work is executed by Rail Vikas Nigam Limited.[95] Jai Hind metro station will also have a stabling yard, and will be the largest underground facility in the country.[96] This line will have interchanges at Kavi Subhash (with Blue line); Salt Lake Sector V (with Green line) and Teghoria/VIP Road (again with Green line).[36][51] In July 2020, bids were invited by RVNL to complete the sections left due to various reasons and hurdles.[97][98]
Initially, the Jai Hind metro station was planned to be elevated. However, the AAI objected that the elevated stretch up to the airport might pose a threat to aircraft, so the route was further reworked and the station was shifted underground, 150 m from the Airport terminal building.[99][100] As per another revised plan, this line will continue till Barasat and the Yellow line would terminate at Jai Hind. There are also possibilities that Jai Hind metro station would serve as a junction of three lines, i.e. Noapara–Jai Hind, Kavi Subhash–Jai Hind, and Jai Hind–Barasat.[99][100]
On 6 March 2024, theKavi Subhash-Hemanta Mukhopadhyay was inaugurated while theHemanta Mukhopadhyay-Beleghata section was inaugurated on 22 August 2025, completing the 5.4 km Phase 1 and 4.1 km Phase 2A stretches respectively.[38][39][74]
In 2012,RITES surveyed 16 new routes for connecting the suburban areas to the city. The key routes were:[101]
Since the formation of the Metropolitan Transport Project (MTP) in 1969, Kolkata Metro has always been under theIndian Railways, directly or indirectly. It is the only metro in the country to be controlled by Indian Railways. On 29 December 2010, Metro Railway, Kolkata, became the 17th zone of the Indian Railways, completely owned and funded by theMinistry of Railways. AlthoughKolkata Metro Rail Corporation was formed with 50-50 shares of the Government of West Bengal and the Government of India, as the implementing agency of the East–West Corridor, later majority shares were transferred to Indian Railways. In July 2019, the operation of Green line was handed over to Metro Railway, Kolkata.[27][104][105]
| Operator | Owner | Line(s) |
|---|---|---|
Metro Railway, Kolkata | Ministry of Railways (India) | Blue Line,Purple line,Orange Line,Yellow Line |
Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation | Green Line |
Originally, There are a total of 358 services every day.[106] But, the services and timings were changed due to theCOVID-19 pandemic and as of November 2024, it operates between 06:50 and 22:40IST.[107] Trains operate at an average speed of 23 km/h (14.29 mph) and stop for about 10 to 20 seconds at each station, depending on the crowd.[108] All stations have display boards showing the terminating station, current time, scheduled time of arrival andestimated time of arrival of trains inBengali,Hindi andEnglish. Digital countdown clocks are also present in the stations.[109][110] The coaches of blue and green line have line route-maps and all line have speakers and displays, which provide details of upcoming stations in the three languages.[111][112][113] Navigation information is available onGoogle Maps.[114] Kolkata Metro has launched its own official mobile app 'Amar Kolkata Metro' (initially released as 'Metro Ride Kolkata') for android & iOS smartphone users which provides information regarding station, train timing, fare and has online smart card recharge facility along with mobile QR code ticketing.[115]
Most stations have ticket counters and installedATMs. Some stations have food outlets, and chemist stalls. To ease crowding for recharging smart cards, Automatic Card recharge machines are installed.[116] On account of theSwacchota–i–Seba (in English, Cleanliness is service), a nationwide awareness and mobilization campaign on cleanliness, plastic bottle crushers were placed at multiple stations.[117]
The fare is based on the predetermined distance formulas. Kolkata Metro has the lowest starting fare in the country of₹5 (equivalent to₹6.00 or 7.1¢ US in 2023).[118]
| Distance (km) | Fare (₹) |
|---|---|
| 0–2 | 5 |
| 2–5 | 10 |
| 5–10 | 15 |
| 10–20 | 20 |
| More than 20 | 25 |
| Distance (km) | Fare (₹) |
|---|---|
| 0–2 | 5 |
| 2–5 | 10 |
| 5–10 | 20 |
| More than 10 | 30 |
Kolkata meto usesAFC gates for fare collection monitoring entry and exits. Commuters can enter the metro station and travel through three ways:
Before these methods, from 2011 to January 2025, only tokens and smart cards were used as tickets. These tokens are touched on the machine to enter the station, while to exit from the destination station, it is required to submit the token into the machine. The current tokens are coin-shaped and made of plastic. From January 2025, ticket counters stopped giving token to passenger, as it was getting stolen.
Before this, magnetic ticketing strip system was used from 1984 to 2011, After introducingRadio-Frequency Identification (RFID) tokens byCentre for Railway Information Systems (CRIS) in partnership with Keltron in August 2011, the old magnetic strip reader gates were replaced with new RFID readers.[121][127]
The metro railway runs special night-long services duringDurga Puja (Maha Saptami to Maha Navami) to help people travel faster and more conveniently forpandal-hopping. The services start at 13:00 and operate till 04:00 the next day. Pre-puja services are also run.[128][129][130]
All stations are equipped withclosed-circuit cameras,metal detectors and baggage scanners. TheRailway Protection Force provides security on the premises.[131][132] Smoking is strictly prohibited in the metro premises. All stations in the Green Line have half-height and full-height platform screen doors for elevated and underground stations, respectively.[27]
In 2008, the Kolkata Metro Railway experimented with the practice of reserving two entire compartments for women. This system was found to be ineffective and caused inconvenience for a lot of commuters (including women) and the plan was dropped.[133] Instead, certain sections of seats in each compartment are reserved for women, senior citizens and the physically challenged. The four-seat sections at each end of a coach are reserved for senior citizens and the physically challenged, and the two middle seat sections, between the general seat sections on each side, are reserved for women.[134][135][136]
All stations have televisions that broadcast news and songs.[137] WiFi was introduced at Park Street and Maidan metro station in 2016. Gradually, it was expanded to all the stations. The service is provided byReliance Jio.[138][139]
Kolkata Metro is the 4th busiest metro system inIndia as of 2024. 2,465 people travel by every Metro train inKolkata against 1,110 inDelhi metro. Kolkata Metro carries around 700,000 people daily.[140] The daily and annual ridership has consistently risen since 1984. Low fares and fast and convenient travel have contributed to the high ridership figures. During the 2019 Durga Puja, there was a record ridership of 922,000.[141][53]
| Year | Ridership |
|---|---|
| 1995–96 | 118,564(+122.2%) |
| 1996–97 | 171,468(+44.6%) |
| 1997–98 | 189,411(+10.5%) |
| 1998–99 | 158,975(-16.1%) |
| 1999–2000 | 152,830(-3.9%) |
| 2000–01 | 193,441(+26.6%) |
| 2001–02 | 210,019(+8.6%) |
| 2002–03 | 211,926(+0.9%) |
| 2003–04 | 248,090(+17.1%) |
| 2004–05 | 267,293(+7.7%) |
| 2005–06 | 295,542(+10.6%) |
| 2006–07 | 314,666(+6.5%) |
| 2007–08 | 330,471(+5.0%) |
| 2008–09 | 346,677(+4.9%) |
| 2009–10 | 375,271(+8.3%) |
| 2010–11 | 435,792(+16.1%) |
| 2011–12 | 458,762(+5.3%) |
| 2012–13 | 515,885(+12.4%) |
| 2013–14 | 533,800(+3.5%) |
| 2014–15 | 501,756(-6.0%) |
| 2015–16 | 525,033(+4.6%) |
| 2016–17 | 540,310(+2.9%) |
| 2017–18 | 564,762(+4.5%) |
| 2018–19 | 584,395(+3.5%) |
| 2019–20 | 559,778(-4.2%) |
| 2020–21 | 72,660(-87.0%) |
| 2021–22 | 209,701(+188.6%) |
| 2022–23 | 484,701(+131.1%) |
| 2023–24 | 527,460(+8.8%) |
| 2024–25 | 597,534(+13.3%) |
| Year | Annual Passengers (in lakhs) | Approximate Daily Ridership |
|---|---|---|
| 1984 - 1985 | 14.66 | 4,016 |
| 1985 - 1986 | 27.58 | 7,556 |
| 1986 - 1987 | 98.41 | 26,962 |
| 1987 - 1988 | 157.84 | 43,244 |
| 1988 - 1989 | 169.57 | 46,458 |
| 1989 - 1990 | 197.51 | 54,112 |
| 1990 - 1991 | 226.17 | 61,964 |
| 1991 - 1992 | 241.44 | 66,148 |
| 1992 - 1993 | 154.57 | 42,348 |
| 1993 - 1994 | 158.62 | 43,458 |
| 1994 - 1995 | 194.86 | 53,386 |
| 1995 - 1996 | 432.76 | 1,18,564 |
| 1996 - 1997 | 625.86 | 1,71,468 |
| 1997 - 1998 | 691.35 | 1,89,411 |
| 1998 - 1999 | 580.26 | 1,58,975 |
| 1999 - 2000 | 557.83 | 1,52,830 |
| 2000 - 2001 | 706.06 | 1,93,441 |
| 2001 - 2002 | 766.57 | 2,10,019 |
| 2002 - 2003 | 773.53 | 2,11,926 |
| 2003 - 2004 | 905.53 | 2,48,090 |
| 2004 - 2005 | 975.62 | 2,67,293 |
| 2005 - 2006 | 1078.73 | 2,95,542 |
| 2006 - 2007 | 1148.53 | 3,14,666 |
| 2007 - 2008 | 1206.22 | 3,30,471 |
| 2008 - 2009 | 1265.37 | 3,46,677 |
| 2009 - 2010 | 1369.74 | 3,75,271 |
| 2010 - 2011 | 1590.64 | 4,35,792 |
| 2011 - 2012 | 1674.48 | 4,58,762 |
| 2012 - 2013 | 1882.98 | 5,15,885 |
| 2013 - 2014 | 1948.37 | 5,33,800 |
| 2014 - 2015 | 1831.41 | 5,01,756 |
| 2015 - 2016 | 1916.37 | 5,25,033 |
| 2016 - 2017 | 1972.13 | 5,40,310 |
| 2017 - 2018 | 2061.38 | 5,64,762 |
| 2018 - 2019 | 2133.04 | 5,84,395 |
| 2019 - 2020 | 2043.19 | 5,59,778 |
| 2020 - 2021 | 265.21 | 72,660 |
| 2021 - 2022 | 765.41 | 2,09,701 |
| 2022 - 2023 | 1769.16 | 4,84,701 |
| 2023 - 2024 | 1925.23 | 5,27,460 |
| 2024 - 2025 | 2181 | 5,97,534 |
| 2025 - 2026 | 2956 | 8,10,000 |
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Kolkata Metro rolling stock consists of five main classes spread across its different lines, all powered by 750 V DC third-rail electrification. The Blue, Purple, Orange, and Yellow Lines run on broad gauge while the Green Line uses standard gauge.[151] Early non-AC rakes (1000 and 2000 series) have been retired, replaced by modern AC stock. The ICF/BHEL 3000 series remains in service, while the ICF/MEDHA 4000 series introduced stainless steel bodies and regenerative braking, serving multiple lines.[152] CRRC Dalian trains (MR-50) from China is used in the Blue and Yellow Lines.[153] On the Green Line, BEML MR-60 rakes run on standard gauge with 6-coach formations. Many of the newer trains support both CBTC and older signalling systems.
There are 5 operational depots now. The Noapara, Tollygunge and New Garia depots serve theBlue Line, the New Garia depot also serve theOrange Line, while the Central Park depot serves theGreen Line and the Joka depot serves thePurple Line.[154][155][156] A depot atNew Town forOrange Line is under construction. An underground yard was made atAirport.[157][99][158]
As of 2025, Kolkata metro has the deepest metro station and largest underground metro station in India.Howrah metro station ofGreen Line is the deepest metro station in India with depth of 34 m (112 ft). Also at the time of inauguration, it was the largest metro station of India.[5] In August 2025,Jai Hind metro station ofYellow Line became the largest metro station in India, as well as one of largest in Asia.[6]
The standard length of platforms in Kolkata Metro is 170 m. The metro stations ofGitanjali andNetaji have the shortest platforms of 163 m.[159] The average length between any two stations is 1.14 km (0.71 mi). The shortest distance is 0.597 km (0.371 mi) betweenCentral andChandni Chowk, and the longest distance is 2.45 km (1.52 mi) betweenSealdah andEsplanade. Since the Kolkata Metro has750 V DC third rail electrification, electricity substations were built inJatin Das Park,Central andShyambazar.[133]
Trains operate on typical Indian Railways automatic signaling technology. A Route Relay Interlocking System has been provided atNew Garia depot andTollygunge depot and Electronic Interlocking has been provided atNoapara depot to facilitate the prompt withdrawal and injection of rakes and to perform shunting operations inside the car shed for maintenance purposes. TheTrain Protection and Warning System (TPWS) is provided throughout the Metro Railway. It is designed to prevent collisions caused by human (operator) error.[160] A Train Describer System and Auto Train Charting are utilized to assist the operation control center in monitoring and planning train movements in real-time. An Integrated Power Supply System and microprocessor-based Data Logger System have also been provided.[161] An integrated system of STM-1 and STM-4optical fibre cable is used for alltelecommunication, signaling, SCADA and other circuits in Blue line. The service is provided byRailTel.[162]
An upgrade of the existing signaling system of theBlue Line from Indian Railways signalling toCommunications-based train control (CBTC) was planned byMetro Railway, Kolkata at₹467crore (equivalent to₹550 crore or US$65 million in 2023) and the proposal was sent to Indian Railways, so that time interval between trains can be decreased to just 90 seconds from 5 minutes. In August 2019, Indian Railways gave the go-ahead to the proposal, and installation work is supposed to be complete within 2–3 years.[57]
Unlike the previous line, the Green line adopted a more advanced CBTC system. It hascab signalling and a centralisedautomatic train control system consisting ofautomatic operation,protection, and signaling modules. The signaling system is provided by Italy-based companyAnsaldo STS. The other signalling equipment includes an integrated system with fibre optic cable, SCADA, radios, and a public-address system.[163][164][165][166]
CBTC system on Purple and Orange Lines are currently in activated mode.[167]
Indian railways signalling system,Kavach with ATP and ATO, is planned to be used on Yellow Line.[168]
PA systems are present at all stations and their premises. A station master can make a necessary announcement to the passengers and staff, overriding the ongoing local announcement. Train PA systems are controlled by the motormen for announcements to passengers on the particular train.[169]
Since the Kolkata Metro was constructed in the 1970s, there were some technical limitations. Due to the tunnel dimensions, and being under Indian Railways, Kolkata Metro opted for an Indianmetre gauge shell (2.7 m width) mounted upon1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in)broad gauge bogies. The rakes have to be custom built and require a special assembly line involving additional costs thus limiting the options for rake manufacturers forBlue Line.[170] From its inception, the coaches were manufactured byICF, which lacked the prerequisite knowledge for manufactured non-air-conditioning rakes. The 3000 and 4000 series rakes were faulty and delivered without any trials. In addition, Indian Railways signaling is used instead of European signaling. All of these factors have led to snags, delays, and accidents.[171][verification needed][172][verification needed]
Unlike Delhi Metro, Kolkata Metro is owned and operated by Indian Railways instead of an autonomous body, and it relies solely on Indian Railways for every decision, from funding to route realignment.[173][174]
In densely populated areas, there are no free spaces left to build elevated metro tracks and stations. As a result, underground systems are constructed in these areas. However, the construction of an underground metro tunnel in the Bowbazar area has caused cracks in the houses of many residents. Consequently, the metro authority had to evacuate the people, leading to massive delays and slow development in the construction of the metro railway in that area.[175]
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) Lt. Col Mark Wood's Map of Kolkata in 1784–85 showing the extent of the Maratha Ditch{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link)
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 Israel | |
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 Uzbekistan | |
 Vietnam | |
* Under construction. | |
