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Kodama (木霊,木魂 or木魅) are spirits inJapanese folklore that inhabittrees. The term is also used to denote a tree in which a kodama supposedly resides. The phenomenon known asyamabiko, when sounds make a delayed echoing effect in mountains and valleys, is sometimes attributed to this kind of spirit and may also be referred to as "kodama".
These spirits are considered to nimbly bustle about mountains at will. A kodama's outer appearance is very much like an ordinary tree, but if one attempts to cut it down, one would become cursed, etc., and it is thus considered to have some kind of mysterious supernatural power. The knowledge of those trees that have kodama living in them is passed down by the elderly of that area over successive generations and they are protected, and it is also said that trees that have a kodama living in them are of certain species. There is also a theory that when old trees are cut, blood could come forth from them.[1] Spirits can dwell in trees, bring misfortune if mistreated, and can leave the tree to take human form.[2][3]
Kodama is also seen as something that can be understood asmountain gods, and a tree god from the 712 CEKojiki, Kukunochi no Kami, has been interpreted as a kodama, and in theHeian period dictionary, theWamyō Ruijushō, there is a statement on tree gods under the Japanese name "Kodama" (古多万). InThe Tale of Genji, there are statements such as "is it anoni, a god (kami), a fox (kitsune), or a tree spirit (kodama)" and "theoni of a kodama", and thus, it can be seen that kodama are seen to be close toyōkai.[4] They are said to take on the appearance of atmospheric ghost lights, of beasts, and of humans, as there is also a story where a kodama who, in order to meet a human it fell in love with, took on the appearance of a human itself.[5]
InAogashima in theIzu Islands, shrines are created at the base of largeCryptomeria trees (sugi) in the mountains and are worshipped to under the name "kidama-sama" and "kodama-sama" and thus the vestiges of belief in tree spirits can be seen.[4] Also, in the village of Mitsune onHachijō-jima, whenever a tree is cut, there was a tradition that one must offer a festival to the tree's spirit "kidama-sama".[6]
OnOkinawa Island, tree spirits are called "kiinushii" and whenever a tree is cut down, one would first pray to kiinushii and then cut it. Also, when there is an echoing noise of what sounds like a fallen tree at the dead of night, even though there are no actual fallen trees, it is said to be the anguishing voice of kiinushii and it is said that in times like these, the tree would then wither several days later. Thekijimuna, which is known as a yōkai on Okinawa, is also sometimes said to be a type of kiinushii or a personification of a kiinushii.[4][7]
In the collection of yōkai depictions, theGazu Hyakki Yagyō byToriyama Sekien, under the title 木魅 ("kodama"), an aged man and woman are depicted standing alongside the trees and here it is stated that when a tree has passed a hundred years of age, a divine spirit would come dwell inside it and show its appearance.[8] According to the 13th centuryRyōbu Shinto manualReikiki, kodama can be found in groups in the inner reaches of mountains. They occasionally speak and can especially be heard when a person dies.[9]
In modern times, cutting down a tree which is home to a kodama is thought to bring misfortune and such trees are often marked withshimenawa rope.[10]