Kingdom of Coorg Kodagu[citation needed] | |||||||||
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| 16th century C.E.–1834 | |||||||||
 Kingdom of Coorg | |||||||||
| Status | Independent Kingdom (1500s-1780) Subordinate toKingdom of Mysore (1780-1788) Princely state under thesuzerainty of theBritish Crown (1790-1834) | ||||||||
| Capital | Madikeri | ||||||||
| Common languages | Kannada,Kodava,Arebhashe | ||||||||
| Religion | Hinduism | ||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
| Maharaja | |||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Established | 16th century C.E. | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 1834 | ||||||||
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TheKingdom of Coorg (orKingdom of Kodagu) was an independent kingdom[2] that existed inIndia from the 16th century until 1834.[3] It was ruled by a branch of theIkkeri Nayaka. From 1780 to 1788, the kingdom was occupied by neighbouring Mysore but the Rajah of Coorg was restored by the British and became a protectorate of the British East India Company on 26 October 1790. In 1834, the then Raja of Coorg rebelled against British authority, sparking theCoorg War. The brief conflict resulted in the British annexing the kingdom in the same year, with the region then becomingCoorg Province, aprovince of British India.
AlthoughRājendranāme, a royal genealogy of the rulers ofCoorg written in 1808, makes no mention of the origin of the lineage, its reading by historianLewis Rice led him to conclude that the princely line was established by a member of the Ikkeri Nayaka family, who first settled in Halerinard. Having moved south to the town of Haleri in northern Coorg in the disguise of a wanderingJangama monk (or, by some recounting, aLingayat monk[3]), he soon began to attract followers; with their help, or their acquiescence, he took possession of the town, and in such manner came to rule the entire country.[4] According to the genealogy,[3] the Coorgrajas who ruled from the early 17th century to the mid-19th century were:
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Muddu Raja, the Coorg ruler from 1633 to 1687, initially ruled from the town of Haleri, but later moved his capital toMercara, which he fortified and where he built a palace in 1681.[6] Early during the rule of his successor, Dodda Virappa (1687–1736), the army of the neighbouring kingdom of Mysore, under the orders ofWodeyarChikka Devaraja, attacked and seizedPiriyapatna, a territory which abutted Coorg (seeMap 11), and which was then being ruled by a kinsman of Dodda Virappa.[6] Buoyed by the victory, the Mysore army soon attacked Coorg itself; however, it had advanced only a short distance, when, while camping overnight on the plain of Palupare, it was surprised by a Coorg ambush. In the ensuing massacre, the Mysore army lost 15,000 men, and the survivors had to beat a hasty retreat. For most of the next two decades, the western reaches of Mysore remained vulnerable to attacks by the Coorg army. In the border district of Yelusavira, the Coorg and Mysore forces fought to a stalemate and, in the end, had to work out a tax sharing arrangement.[6]
In 1724, major hostilities resumed between Coorg and Mysore.Changing hismodus operandi fromguerrilla skirmishes in the hilly Coorg jungle to open field warfare, Dodda Virappa, attacked the Mysore army in the plains. Catching it off guard, he took in rapid succession six fortresses fromPiriyapatna toArkalgud. The resulting loss of revenue, some 600,000 goldpagodas, was felt in Mysore, and several months later, in August or September 1724, a large army was sent fromSeringapatam, the Mysore capital, to Coorg.[7] Upon the Mysore army's arrival in the western region, however, the Coorg forces, returning to guerrilla warfare, retreated into the woods. Emboldened by the lack of resistance, the Mysore forces next mounted an attack on the Coorg hills. There too, they met no resistance.[8] However, a few days into this invasion, the Mysore forces, recalling their ignominious ambush in the 1890s,[clarification needed] panicked and retreated during the night.[8] Soon, the Coorg army was attacking the Mysore outposts again. This pattern of back and forth was to continue until the Mysore army was recalled, a few months later, to Seringapatam, leaving the region again vulnerable to the periodic raids of the Coorg army.[8] According to historianSanjay Subrahmanyam,
The entire episode yields a rare insight into one aspect of war in the 18th century: the (Coorg) forces, lacking cavalry, with a minimum of firearms, lost every major battle, but won the war by dint of two factors. First, the terrain, and the possibility of retreating periodically into the wooded hillside, favoured them, in contrast to their relatively clumsy opponents. Second, the Mysore army could never maintain a permanent presence in the region, given the fact that the Wodeyar kingdom had several open frontiers.[9]
The ruler was succeeded by his grandson, Chikka Virappa, whose unremarkable rule lasted until 1768, when Coorg was conquered byHaidar Ali, the newsultan of Mysore.[citation needed]
In 1780, Coorg was invaded by Hyder Ali of Mysore and the state was annexed. For eight years, Coorg was a part of Mysore. In 1788, through British intervention, the Raja of Coorg regained his kingdom. He signed a treaty bringing Coorg under the protection of the British.
From 1790 to 1834, Coorg remained a protectorate of British India. In 1834, the then Raja of Coorg tried to shake off his allegiance to the British which resulted in theCoorg War. The state was eventually annexed and became the Coorg Province.
Under British rule, the natives of Coorg were encouraged to join the Indian army. Even today most of the soldiers from Karnataka are from this land.
The present dayMadikeri was formerly known asMuddu raja keri (meaning Mudduraja's town) and was named after the prominent king, Mudduraja who ruled Coorg from 1633-1687. The present dayVirajpet derived fromVirarajendrapete was the town established by Haleri king Dodda Veerarajendra, after whose name the city derives its name.[10][11]
Chikka Virarajendra was the last ruler of Coorg.Kannada litterateur andJnanpith Award recipient,Masti Venkatesha Iyengar, wrote a critically acclaimed book,Chikavira Rajendra, based on the life and times of that ruler. King Dodda Veerarajendra built theNalknad Palace.[10]
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