During theEarly Middle Ages, thePomeranian tribes established a settlement at the site of modern-dayBudzistowo. In 1000, when the city was part of Poland, it became the seat of theDiocese of Kołobrzeg, one of five oldest Polish dioceses. During theHigh Middle Ages, the town was expanded with an additional settlement inhabited by German settlers a few kilometers north of the stronghold and chartered withLübeck law, which settlement eventually superseded the original Pomeranian settlement. The city later joined theHanseatic League. Within theDuchy of Pomerania the town was the urban center of the secular reign of the prince-bishops ofKamień and their residence throughout the High andLate Middle Ages. In the modern age, it passed toBrandenburg andPrussia, and withstood aPolish-French siege in 1807. In the late 19th century it became a popular spa town at the Baltic Sea. In 1945, Polish and Soviet troops captured the town. Kołobrzeg, now part of post-war Poland anddevastated in the precedingbattle, was rebuilt, but lost its status as the regional center to the nearby city ofKoszalin.
"Kołobrzeg" (and its Kashubian equivalent "Kòłobrzeg") translates as 'by the shore';koło means 'by',[2] andbrzeg means 'shore'.[3] Its original name, Cholberg, was taken by Polish and Kashubian linguists in the 19th and 20th centuries to reconstruct the name. After German settlement, "Cholberg" evolved into "Kolberg".[citation needed]
According to Piskorski (1999) and Kempke (2001), Slavic and Lechitic immigration reachedFarther Pomerania in the 7th century.[4][5] First Slavic settlements in the vicinity of Kołobrzeg were centered around nearby deposits of salt and date to 6th and 7th century.[6][7]
In the late 9th century, thePomeranian tribes erected afortified settlement at the site of modern part of Kołobrzeg county calledBudzistowo[8] near modern Kołobrzeg,[9] replacing nearbyBardy-Świelubie, a multi-ethnic emporium, as the center of the region.[10] TheParseta valley, where both the emporium and the stronghold were located, was one of thePomeranians' core settlement areas.[11] The stronghold consisted of a fortifiedburgh with a suburbium.[12][13]
ThePomeranians mined salt[14] in salt pans located in two downstream hills.[15][16] They also engaged in fishing, and used the salt to conserve foodstuffs, primarilyherring, for trade.[16][17] Other important occupations weremetallurgy andsmithery, based on local iron ore reserves, other crafts like the production of combs from horn, and in the surrounding areas, agriculture.[16][18] Important sites in the settlement were a place for periodical markets and a tavern, mentioned asforum et taberna in 1140.[14]
In the 9th and 10th centuries, the Budzistowo stronghold was the largest of several smaller ones in the Persante area, and as such is thought to have functioned as the center of the localPomeranian subtribe.[18] By the turn from the 10th to the 11th century, the smaller burghs in the Parseta area were given up.[18] With the area coming under the control of the Polish DukeMieszko I, only two strongholds remained and underwent an enlargement, the one at Budzistowo and a predecessor of laterBiałogard.[18] These developments were most likely associated with the establishment of Polish power over this part of the Baltic coast. In the 10th century, the trade of salt and fish led to the development of the settlement into a town.[19]
St John's Church, the remains of an early medieval settlement in modernBudzistowo
DuringPolish rule of the area in the late 10th century, the chronicle ofThietmar of Merseburg (975–1018) mentionssalsa Cholbergiensis as the see of theBishopric of Kołobrzeg, set up during theCongress of Gniezno in 1000 and placed under theArchdiocese of Gniezno.[9] The congress was organized byPolish dukeBolesław Chrobry and Holy Roman EmperorOtto III, and also led to the establishment of bishoprics inKraków andWrocław, connecting the territories of the Polish state.[19] It was an important event not only in religious, but also political dimension in the history of the early Polish state, as it unified and organized medieval Polish territories.[19]
The missionary efforts of bishopReinbern were not successful, thePomeranians revolted in 1005 and regained political and spiritual independence.[20][21][22][23] In 1013 Bolesław Chrobry removed his troops from Pomerania in face of war with Holy Roman EmperorHenry III.[7] ThePolish–German war ended with Polish victory, which was confirmed by the 1018Peace of Bautzen.
During his campaigns in the early 12th century,Bolesław III Wrymouthreacquired Pomerania for Poland, and made thelocal Griffin dynasty his vassals. The stronghold was captured by the Polish army in the winter of 1107/08, when the inhabitants (cives et oppidani) including a duke (dux Pomeranorum) surrendered without resistance.[24] A previous Polish siege of the burgh had been unsuccessful; although the duke had fled the burgh, the Polish army was unable to break through the fortifications and the two gates.[25] The army had however looted and burned the suburbium, which was not or only lightly fortified.[25] The descriptions given by the contemporary chroniclers make it possible that a second, purely militarily used castle existed near the settlement, yet neither is this certain nor have archaeological efforts been able to locate traces thereof.[26] In the 12th-century Polish chronicleGesta principum Polonorum Kołobrzeg was named a significant andfamous city.
During the subsequentChristianization of the area byOtto of Bamberg at the behest of Bolesław, a St. Mary's church was built.[8] This marked the first beginnings of German influence in the area.[19] After Bolesław's death, as a result of the fragmentation of Poland, theDuchy of Pomerania became independent,[27] before the dukes became vassals ofDenmark in 1185 and theHoly Roman Empire in 1227.
Besides St. Mary's, a St. John's church and a St. Petri's chapel were built.[14]A painting of the town of Kołobrzeg from the 13th century is located in the Museum of Polish Arms in the city.[28]
From the late Middle Ages to the Thirty Years' War
During theOstsiedlung, a settlement was founded by German settlers some kilometres off the site of the Slavic/Lechitic one.[29][30][31] It was located within the boundaries of today's downtown of Kołobrzeg and some of the inhabitants of the Polish town moved to the new settlement.[19] On 23 May 1255 it was chartered underLübeck law by DukeWartislaw III ofPomerania,[32][33] and more settlers arrived, attracted by the duke.[30]Hermann von Gleichen, German bishop ofKammin also supported the German colonisation of the region.[19] The settlers received several privileges such as exemption from certain taxes and several benefits, making it difficult for the indigenous Pomeranian population to compete with Germans.[19]
Henceforth, the nearby former stronghold was turned into a village and renamed "Old Town" (Latin:antiqua civitatae Colbergensis, German:Altstadt,Polish:Stare Miasto), first documented in 1277 and used until 1945 when it was renamed "Budzistowo".[8][12] A new St. Mary's church was built within the new town before the 1260s,[34] while St. Mary's in the former Pomeranian stronghold was turned into a nuns' abbey.[8] In 1277 St. Benedict's monastery for nuns was founded, which in the framework of the PomeranianReformation in 1545 was then changed into an educational institution for noble Protestant ladies.[35]
Fuse Tower, last remnant of the medieval fortification
Already in 1248, theKammin bishops and thePomeranian dukes had interchanged theterraeStargard and Kolberg, leaving the bishops in charge of the latter.[36] When in 1276 they became the souvereign of the town also, they moved their residence there, while the administration of the diocese was done from nearby Köslin (Koszalin).[36] In 1345, the bishops becameImperial immediate dukes in their secular reign.[36]
In 1361, the city joined theHanseatic League. In 1446 it fought a battle against the nearby rival city ofKoszalin.[37]
When the property of theBishopric of Kammin was secularized during theProtestant Reformation in 1534, their secular reign including the Kolberg area became intermediately ruled by a Lutheran titular bishop, before it was turned into aSekundogenitur of theHouse of Pomerania.[36]
In the 15th century the city traded withScotland, Amsterdam andScandinavia.[19] Beer, salt,honey,wool and flour were exported, while merchants imported textiles from England, southern fruits, andcod liver oil. In the 16th century, the city reached 5,000 inhabitants.[19] The indigenous Slavs in the city were discriminated, and their rights in trade and crafts were limited, with bans on performing certain types of professions and taking certain positions in the city,[19][citation needed] for instance in 1564 it was forbidden to admit native Slavs to theblacksmiths' guild.[38]
Antoni Paweł Sułkowski, who led the Polish troops during the siege of 1807, is the namesake of a Kołobrzeg street today
In theNapoleonic Wars, duringNapoleon's invasion of Prussia during theWar of the Fourth Coalition, the town wasbesieged from mid-March to 2 July 1807 by theGrande Armée and by insurgents from Poland against Prussian rule (a street named after GeneralAntoni Paweł Sułkowski, who led Polish troops, is located within the present-day city). As a result of forced conscription, some Poles were also among Prussian soldiers during the battle.[19] The city's defense, led by then Lieutenant-ColonelAugust von Gneisenau, held out until the war was ended by theTreaty of Tilsit. Kolberg was returned to the Prussianprovince of Pomerania in 1815, after the final defeat of Napoleon; until 1872, it was administered within theFürstenthum District ("Principality District", recalling the area's former special status), then it was withinLandkreis Kolberg-Körlin.Marcin Dunin, Archbishop ofPoznań andGniezno and Roman Catholic primate of Poland, was imprisoned for sedition by the Prussian authorities for ten months in 1839–1840 in the city[42] and after his release, he tried to organise a chaplaincy for the many Polish soldiers stationed in Kolberg.[43]
In the 19th century the city had a small but active Polish population that increased during the century to account for 1.5% of the population by 1905.[44] The Polish community funded a Catholic school and the Church of Saint Marcin where masses were held in Polish (initially throughout the season, after about 1890 all year).[7][45][46] Dating back to 1261 Kolberg's Jewish population amounted to 528 people in 1887, rising to 580 two years later, and although many moved to Berlin after that date they numbered around 500 by the end of the Nineteenth century[47]
Between 1924 and 1935, the American-German painterLyonel Feininger, a tutor at theStaatliches Bauhaus, visited Kolberg repeatedly and painted the cathedral and environs of the town.
In the May elections of 1933, theNazi Party received by far the most votes, 9,842 out of 19,607 cast votes.[48]
Lapidarium to Jewish minority from the city murdered by Nazi Germany. Lapidarium raised by Polish authorities in Kołobrzeg in 2000. The inscription is in Polish, Hebrew, and German
When the Nazis took power in Germany in 1933, the Jewish community in Kolberg comprised 200 people, and the antisemitic repression by Germany's ruling party led several of them to flee the country. A Nazi newspaper, theKolberger Beobachter, listed Jewish shops and business that were to be boycotted. Nazis also engaged in hate propaganda against Jewish lawyers, doctors, and craftsmen.[49] At the end of 1935, Jews were banned from working in the city's health spas.[49] DuringKristallnacht, the Jewish synagogue and homes were destroyed, and in 1938 the local Jewish cemetery was vandalised, while a cemetery shrine was turned tostable by German soldiers.[50] In 1938, all Jews in Kolberg, as all over Germany, were renamed in official German documents as "Israel" (for males) or "Sarah" (for females). In the beginning of 1939, Jews were banned from attending German schools and the entire adult population had its driving licenses revoked.[49] After years of discrimination and harassment, local Jews were deported by the German authorities to concentration camps in 1940.
Statue of the Nurse – a statue in memory of women who fought for the Polish state during the Second World War and in battle for Kołobrzeg, the woman is based on Ewelina Nowak who died in 1945 in the city while trying to save a wounded soldier
DuringWorld War II the German state brought in numerousforced laborers to the city, among them many Poles.[19] The city's economy was changed to military production-especially after the German invasion of theSoviet Union.[19] The forced laborers were threatened with everyday harassment and repression; they were forbidden from using phones, holding cultural events and sports events, they could not visit restaurants or swimming pools, or have contact with the local German population.[19] Poles were only allowed to attend a church mass once a month – and only in the German language.[19] They also had smaller food rations than Germans, and had to wear asign with the letter P on their clothes indicating their ethnic background.[19] Additionally, medical help for Polish workers was limited by the authorities.[19] Arrests and imprisonment for various offences, such as "slow pace of work" or leaving the workspace, were everyday occurrences.[51] A labour subcamp of theStalag II-Dprisoner-of-war camp forAllied POWs was also operated in the city by Germany.[52]
In 1944, the city was selected as a fortress —Festung Kolberg. The 1807 siege was used for the lastNazi propaganda film,Kolberg shortly before the end of the war byJoseph Goebbels. It was meant to inspire the Germans with its depiction of the heroic Prussian defence during theNapoleonic Wars. Tremendous resources were devoted to filming this epic, even diverting tens of thousands of troops from the front lines to have them serve as extras in battle scenes. Ironically, the film was released in the final few weeks of Nazi Germany's existence, when most of the country's cinemas were already destroyed.
On 10 February 1945, the German torpedo-boat T-196 brought about 300 survivors of theGeneral von Steuben, which had been sunk bySoviet submarine S-13 to Kolberg. As theRed Army advanced on Kolberg, most of the inhabitants and tens of thousands of refugees from surrounding areas (about 70,000 were trapped in theKolberg Pocket), as well as 40,000 German soldiers, were evacuated from the besieged city by German naval forces inOperation Hannibal. Only about two thousand soldiers were left on 17 March to cover the last sea transports.
Between 4 and 18 March 1945, there weremajor battles between theSoviet andPolish forces and theGerman army. Because of a lack of anti-tank weapons, German destroyers used their guns to support the defenders of Kolberg until nearly all of the soldiers and civilians had been evacuated. During the fights, Polish soldiers' losses were 1,013 dead, 142 MIA and 2,652 wounded.[19] On 18 March, thePolish Army re-enactedPoland's Wedding to the Sea ceremony, which had been celebrated for the first time in 1920 by GeneralJózef Haller.
After the battle the city for several weeks was under Soviet administration, the Germans that had not yet fled wereexpelled and the city was plundered by the Soviet troops.[19] Freed Polish forced laborers remained and were joined by Polish railwaymen fromWarsawdestroyed by the Germans.[19]
In 2000 the city business council of Kołobrzeg commissioned a monument called the Millennium Memorial as a commemoration of "1000 years of Christianity in Pomerania", and as a tribute to Polish-German Reconciliation, celebrating the meeting of KingBolesław I of Poland and KingOtto III ofGermany, at theCongress of Gniezno, in the year 1000. It was designed and built by the artistWiktor Szostalo in welded stainless steel. The two figures sit at the base of a 5-meter cross, cleft in two and being held together by a dove holding anolive branch. It is installed outside the Basilica Cathedral in the city center.
Before the end of World War II the town was predominantly German Protestant with Polish and Jewish minorities. Almost all of the pre-war German population fled or was expelled so that since 1945, Polish Catholics make up the majority of the population. Around the turn from the 18th to the 19th century an increase of the number of Catholics was observed, because military personnel had been moved fromWest Prussia to the town.[citation needed]
Kołobrzeg today is a popular tourist destination for Poles, Germans and due to the ferry connection to Bornholm also Danish people. It provides a unique combination of aseaside resort, health resort, an old town full of historic monuments and tourist entertainment options (e.g. numerous "beer gardens").
The town is part of theEuropean Route of Brick Gothic[67] network. A bike path "to Podczele", located along the seaside was commissioned on 14 July 2004. The path extends from Kołobrzeg to Podczele. The path has been financed by theEuropean Union, and is intended to be part of a unique biking path that will ultimately circle the entireBaltic Sea.[68][69] The path was breached on 24 March 2010 due to the encroachment of the sea associated with the draining of the adjacent unique Eco-Park marsh area. The government of Poland has allocated PLN 90,000 to repair the breach, and the path re-opened within a year. It was also extended in 2011 to connected with Ustronie Morskie 8 km (5 mi) to the east.
South ofBagicz, some 4 km (2 mi) from Kołobrzeg, there is an 806-year-oldoak (2008). Dated in the year 2000 as the oldest oak inPoland, it was named Bolesław to commemorate the kingBoleslaus the Brave.
Kołobrzeg is also a regional cultural center. In the summer take place – a number of concerts of popular singers, musicians, and cabarets. Municipal Cultural Center, is located in thePark teatralny. Keep under attachment artistic arts, theater and dance. Patron of youth teams and the vocal choir. Interfolk organizes the annual festival, the International Meeting of the folklore and other cultural events. Cinema is a place for meetings Piast Discussion Film Club.
In Kołobrzeg there are many permanent and temporary exhibitions of artistic and historical interest. In the town hall of Kołobrzeg is located Gallery of Modern Art, where exhibitions are exposed artists from Kołobrzeg, as well as outside the local artistic circles. Gallery also conducts educational activities, including organized by the gallery of art lessons for children and young people from schools.
In town, there is a museum of Polish weapons (Muzeum Oręża Polskiego), which are presented in the collections of militaria from the early Middle Ages to the present. The palace of Braunschweig include part of museum dedicated to the history of the city. In their collections branch presents a collection of rare and common measurement tools, as well as specific measures of the workshop. The local museum is also moored at the port of ORP Fala patrol ship, built in 1964, after leaving the service transformed into a museum.
A seasonal ferry service toNexø on the Danish island ofBornholm is offered by the catamaranJantar.[71] The trip takes 4,5 hours[72] and carries passengers but no cars.
^"Główny Urząd Statystyczny" [Central Statistical Office] (in Polish). To search: Select "Miejscowości (SIMC)" tab, select "fragment (min. 3 znaki)" (minimum 3 characters), enter town name in the field below, click "WYSZUKAJ" (Search).
^Piskorski, Jan Maria (1999). "Die Urgeschichte (bis zum Ende des 11. Jahrhunderts)". In Piskorski, Jan Maria (ed.).Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten (in German). Zamek Ksiazat Pomorskich. p. 29.ISBN978-8390618487.
^Kempke, Torsten (2001). "Skandinavisch-slawische Kontakte an der südlichen Ostseeküste". In Harck, Ole;Lübke, Christian (eds.).Zwischen Reric und Bornhöved: Die Beziehungen zwischen den Dänen und ihren slawischen Nachbarn vom 9. Bis ins 13. Jahrhundert: Beiträge einer internationalen Konferenz, Leipzig, 4.-6. Dezember 1997 (in German). Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 15.ISBN3-515-07671-9.
^abcdWinfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister,Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft: Gesammelte Beiträge 1977 bis 1999 zur Geschichte der Zisterzienser und der "Germania Slavica", BWV Verlag, 2007, p.280,ISBN3-8305-0378-4
^abGerhard Köbler,Historisches Lexikon der Deutschen Länder: die deutschen Territorien vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart, 7th edition, C.H.Beck, 2007, p.341,ISBN3-406-54986-1
^Ole Harck, Christian Lübke, Zwischen Reric und Bornhöved: Die Beziehungen zwischen den Dänen und ihren slawischen Nachbarn vom 9. Bis ins 13. Jahrhundert: Beiträge einer internationalen Konferenz, Leipzig, 4.-6. Dezember 1997, Franz Steiner Verlag, 2001, pp.15,16,ISBN3-515-07671-9
^Jörg Jarnut, Peter Johanek,Die Frühgeschichte der europäischen Stadt im 11. Jahrhundert, Köln-Weimar-Wien 1998, pp.273–305, republished in Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister,Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft – Siedlung und Wirtschaft im Bereich derGermania Slavica, BWV Verlag, 2007, p.263,ISBN3-8305-0378-4
^abEckhard Müller-Mertens, Heidelore Böcker,Konzeptionelle Ansätze der Hanse-Historiographie, Porta Alba, 2003, p.133,ISBN3-933701-06-6
^Jörg Jarnut, Peter Johanek,Die Frühgeschichte der europäischen Stadt im 11. Jahrhundert, Köln-Weimar-Wien 1998, pp.273–305, republished in Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister,Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft – Siedlung und Wirtschaft im Bereich derGermania Slavica, BWV Verlag, 2007, p.277,ISBN3-8305-0378-4
^abcJörg Jarnut, Peter Johanek,Die Frühgeschichte der europäischen Stadt im 11. Jahrhundert, Köln-Weimar-Wien 1998, pp.273–305, republished in Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister,Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft – Siedlung und Wirtschaft im Bereich derGermania Slavica, BWV Verlag, 2007, p.282,ISBN3-8305-0378-4
^Jörg Jarnut, Peter Johanek,Die Frühgeschichte der europäischen Stadt im 11. Jahrhundert, Köln-Weimar-Wien 1998, pp.273–305, republished in Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister,Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft – Siedlung und Wirtschaft im Bereich derGermania Slavica, BWV Verlag, 2007, p.278,ISBN3-8305-0378-4
^abc[2]Archived 27 December 2010 at theWayback Machine 'Historical eras' Official webpage of the city: The local Slavic population engaged in fishery, salt trade and various crafts.
^Jörg Jarnut, Peter Johanek,Die Frühgeschichte der europäischen Stadt im 11. Jahrhundert, Köln-Weimar-Wien 1998, pp.273–305, republished in Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister,Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft – Siedlung und Wirtschaft im Bereich derGermania Slavica, BWV Verlag, 2007, p.274,ISBN3-8305-0378-4
^abcdJörg Jarnut, Peter Johanek,Die Frühgeschichte der europäischen Stadt im 11. Jahrhundert, Köln-Weimar-Wien 1998, pp.273–305, republished in Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister,Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft – Siedlung und Wirtschaft im Bereich derGermania Slavica, BWV Verlag, 2007, p.289,ISBN3-8305-0378-4
^Nora Berend,Christianization and the Rise of Christian Monarchy: Scandinavia, Central Europe and Rus' C. 900–1200, Cambridge University Press, 2007, p.293,ISBN0-521-87616-8,ISBN978-0-521-87616-2
^Michael Borgolte, Benjamin Scheller,Polen und Deutschland vor 1000 Jahren: Die Berliner Tagung über den"akt von Gnesen", Akademie Verlag, 2002, p.282,ISBN3-05-003749-0,ISBN978-3-05-003749-3
^Michael Müller-Wille,Rom und Byzanz im Norden: Mission und Glaubenswechsel im Ostseeraum während des 8.-14. Jahrhunderts: internationale Fachkonferenz der deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft in Verbindung mit der Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Mainz: Kiel, 18.-25. 9. 1994, 1997, p.105,ISBN3-515-07498-8,ISBN978-3-515-07498-8
^Jörg Jarnut, Peter Johanek,Die Frühgeschichte der europäischen Stadt im 11. Jahrhundert, Köln-Weimar-Wien 1998, pp.273–305, republished in Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister,Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft – Siedlung und Wirtschaft im Bereich derGermania Slavica, BWV Verlag, 2007, p.275,ISBN3-8305-0378-4
^abJörg Jarnut, Peter Johanek,Die Frühgeschichte der europäischen Stadt im 11. Jahrhundert, Köln-Weimar-Wien 1998, pp.273–305, republished in Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister,Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft – Siedlung und Wirtschaft im Bereich derGermania Slavica, BWV Verlag, 2007, pp.273–274,ISBN3-8305-0378-4
^Jörg Jarnut, Peter Johanek,Die Frühgeschichte der europäischen Stadt im 11. Jahrhundert, Köln-Weimar-Wien 1998, pp.273–305, republished in Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister,Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft – Siedlung und Wirtschaft im Bereich derGermania Slavica, BWV Verlag, 2007, pp.274 ff,ISBN3-8305-0378-4
^Joachim Herrmann, Die Slawen in Deutschland, Akademie-Verlag Berlin, 1985, pp.386
^abSebastian Brather,Archäologie der westlichen Slawen: Siedlung, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im früh- und hochmittelalterlichen Ostmitteleuropa, Walter de Gruyter, 2001, p.156,ISBN3-11-017061-2
^Torsten Kempke in Ole Harck, Christian Lübke,Zwischen Reric und Bornhöved: die Beziehungen zwischen den Dänen und ihren slawischen Nachbarn vom 9. bis ins 13. Jahrhundert : Beiträge einer internationalen Konferenz, Leipzig, 4.-6. Dezember 1997, Franz Steiner Verlag, 2001, p.16,ISBN3-515-07671-9
^Copy of the charter (in Latin), printed in Heinrich Gottfried Philipp Gengler, Codex juris Municipalis Germaniae Medii Aevi: Regesten und Urkunden zur Verfassungs- und Rechtsgeschichte der deutschen Städte im Mittelalter, F. Enke, 1863, p.609,free viewArchived 30 November 2022 at theWayback Machine
^Gerhard Köbler,Historisches Lexikon der Deutschen Länder: die deutschen Territorien vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart, 7th edition, C.H.Beck, 2007, p.341,ISBN3-406-54986-1:"1255 erhielt die deutsche Siedlung nördlich der slawischen Siedlung Stadtrect von Lübeck."
^Jörg Jarnut, Peter Johanek,Die Frühgeschichte der europäischen Stadt im 11. Jahrhundert, Köln-Weimar-Wien 1998, pp.273–305, republished in Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister,Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft – Siedlung und Wirtschaft im Bereich derGermania Slavica, BWV Verlag, 2007, p.280,ISBN3-8305-0378-4
^Franz Manthey:Polnische Kirchengeschichte. Hildesheim 1965, p. 31.
^abcdGerhard Köbler,Historisches Lexikon der Deutschen Länder: die deutschen Territorien vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart, 7th edition, C.H.Beck, 2007, p.113,ISBN3-406-54986-1
^Langer, Herbert (2003)."Die Anfänge des Garnisionswesens in Pommern". In Asmus, Ivo; Droste, Heiko; Olesen, Jens E. (eds.).Gemeinsame Bekannte: Schweden und Deutschland in der Frühen Neuzeit (in German). Berlin-Hamburg-Münster: LIT Verlag. p. 403.ISBN3-8258-7150-9.
^Langer, Herbert (2003)."Die Anfänge des Garnisionswesens in Pommern". In Asmus, Ivo; Droste, Heiko; Olesen, Jens E. (eds.).Gemeinsame Bekannte: Schweden und Deutschland in der Frühen Neuzeit (in German). Berlin-Hamburg-Münster: LIT Verlag. p. 397.ISBN3-8258-7150-9.
^Muret, Eduard (1885).Geschichte der Französischen Kolonie in Brandenburg-Preußen, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Berliner Gemeinde. Aus Veranlassung der Zweihundertjährigen Jubelfeier am 29. Oktober 1885 (in German). Berlin. pp. 208–209.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^Papiestwo wobec sprawy polskiej w latach 1772–1865: wybór źródeł Otton Beiersdorf Zaklad Narodowy im. Ossolinskich,1960 page 309
^abNa stolicy prymasowskiej w Gnieźnie i w Poznaniu: szkice o prymasach Polski w okresie niewoli narodowej i w II Rzeczypospolitej: praca zbiorowa Feliks Lenort Księgarnia Św. Wojciecha, 1984, pages 139–146
^Hieronym Kroczyński: Dawny Kołobrzeg, Wydawnictwo Le Petit Café, page 52, Kołobrzeg 1999
^"Związki Pomorza Zachodniego z Polską" page 100 Szymon Pałkowski, Wyższa Szkoła Inżynierska w Koszalinie 1996
^Peter Jancke: "Kolberg, Führer durch eine untergegangene Stadt", Husum 2008,ISBN978-3-89876-365-3
^Aniszewska, Jolanta (2011). "W obowiązku pamięci... Stalag II D i formy upamiętnienia jeńców wojennych w Stargardzie Szczecińskim".Łambinowicki rocznik muzealny (in Polish).34. Opole: 21.
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^"Liczba dni z opadem >= 0,1 mm".Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived fromthe original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved11 February 2022.
^"Średnia grubość pokrywy śnieżnej".Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived fromthe original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved11 February 2022.
^"Średnia suma usłonecznienia (h)".Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived fromthe original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved11 February 2022.
(in German)Gustav Kratz:Die Städte der Provinz Pommern – Abriss ihrer Geschichte, zumeist nach Urkunden ("The Towns of the Province of Pomerania – Sketch of their History, mostly according to historical Records"). Berlin 1865 (reprinted in 1996 by Sändig Reprint Verlag, Vaduz,ISBN3-253-02734-1; reprinted in 2011 byKessinger Publishing, U.S.A.,ISBN1-161-12969-3), pp. 81–99 (online)
The list includes the 107 urban municipalities governed by acity mayor (prezydent miasta) instead of a town mayor (burmistrz) ·Cities with powiat rights are initalics · Voivodeship cities are inbold
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