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Klaus Rohde
Born	(1932-03-30)30 March 1932 (age 93) Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
Alma mater	University of Potsdam University of Münster
Known for	Latitudinal gradients Ecology of marineparasites Ultrastructure of lowerinvertebrates
Awards	Clarke Medal
Scientific career
Fields	Biology,ecology,parasitology,ultrastructure
Institutions	University of New England, Australia

Klaus Rohde (born 30 March 1932) is a Germanbiologist andparasitologist at theUniversity of New England (UNE), Australia. He is known particularly for his work on marine parasitology,evolutionary ecology,zoogeography,phylogeny, andultrastructure of lower invertebrates.

Klaus Rohde was born inBrandenburg an der Havel, Germany, on 30 March 1932.^[1] He attended the Saldria Gymnasium and Nikolai-Schule in Brandenburg, earning hisAbitur in 1949. Rohde went on to study at the Teachers Training College in Brandenburg, receiving, in 1950, a Teacher's Diploma in Russian language. From 1950 to 1951, he studied Slavic languages at theUniversity of Potsdam. Near the end of 1951 he moved fromEast toWest Germany, enrolling at theUniversity of Münster, studying botany, zoology, physics andphysiological chemistry. Rohde undertook research for hisPhD in 1954,^[2] under the supervision of Berhard Rensch, a notable German zoologist;^[3] his thesis was on the behaviour and physiology ofParamecium. In 1957 he was awarded his PhD,magna cum laude.^[2]

From 1957 to 1959, he did scientific work at ASTA-Werke, Brackwede/Westfalen (pharmaceutical industry) on the development of new tests for screeninganthelminthic drugs (filariasis,hookworms,cysticercus). From 1960 to 1967, Rohde was a lecturer at theUniversity of Malaya,Kuala Lumpur, conducting work on thetaxonomy,life cycles and fine structure oftrematodes andmonogeneans and supervising BSc. Honours, MSc. and PhD candidates. He participated in expeditions to various parts ofMalaysia and visited many countries in Eastern, Southeastern, Southern Asia, and America.

From 1967 to 1970 he was a Research Fellow (Habilitandenstipendiat) at theRuhr University Bochum, Germany.Habilitation inBochum was successfully concluded in 1970 with a thesis on themorphology,life cycle andultrastructure of theaspidogastreanMulticotyle purvisi.

He moved to Australia in 1970 to assume a two-year Postdoctoral Fellowship at theUniversity of Queensland, Australia, with research on thetaxonomy, ecology,life cycles andultrastructure of theaspidogastreanLobatostoma manteri and variousmonogenea. During this period, he visited theGreat Barrier Reef as part of his work. In 1972 he was Reader inZoology at theUniversity of Khartoum, Sudan.

1973–1976 he was Director of theHeron Island Research Station,Great Barrier Reef, conducting research on thetaxonomy and ecology ofMonogenea andAspidogastrea. TheUniversity of Queensland awarded him the degree of DSc. in 1975 for his parasitological and zoological work. In 1976 he was appointed Lecturer at theUniversity of New England (UNE), Australia, subsequently promoted to Associate Professor and Professor (Personal Chair). In 2001 he became Professor emeritus.

Rohde's main research fields are fine structure, ecology,zoogeography,parasitology, andphylogeny ofinvertebrates, particularly ofAspidogastrea,Monogenea,Amphilinidea, and general aspects of ecology (niche theory, competition) andzoogeography (latitudinal gradients). He supervised many BSc.Honours, MSc. and PhD candidates in these fields, and, jointly with Tim Littlewood at the Natural History Museum London, Nikki Watson, UNE and others, studied thephylogeny ofPlatyhelminthes, usingultrastructure,life cycle and DNA data.

His scientific contributions are on the following topics:

• Marineparasitology.
• Latitudinal gradients in species diversity (hypothesis of effective evolutionary time).
• Niche theory (vacant niches, Mating hypothesis of niche restriction).
• Phylogeny ofPlatyhelminthes and otherinvertebrates usingultrastructure and DNA.
• Ultrastructure ofspermatogenesis,protonephridia, sensory receptors ofPlatyhelminthes.
• Taxonomy in particular oftrematodes andmonogeneans (many new species, 11 new genera and 2 new subfamilies, for one new genus a new family has now been established).^[4]
• Life cycles ofAspidogastrea andAmphilinidea.

Rohde was the first who supplied quantitative evidence for the enormous species diversity of marineparasites in tropical (coral reef) waters, and for differences inlatitudinal gradients between endo- and ectoparasites.^{[citation needed]} Hishypothesis of effective evolutionary time was an important stimulus for the development of themetabolic theory of ecology. His work on thephylogeny ofPlatyhelminthes provided evidence that the Neodermata (major groups of parasiticPlatyhelminthes) have split early off the otherflatworm groups. His demonstration of the great number and variety of sensory receptors and of the great complexity of nervous systems in some parasiticflatworms is convincing evidence that sacculinization (reduction in complexity) ofparasites is not a general phenomenon. Rohde's work on the ecology of marineparasites has shown that mostparasites live in largely non-saturated niche space, i.e., that most niches are vacant; proceeding from these findings, he concluded that equilibrium conditions in animal communities are the exception rather than the rule (discussed in detail in his bookNonequilibrium Ecology).

After retirement he continues to publish scientific papers and books. He has cooperated withDietrich Stauffer, a theoretical physicist, in using mathematical models to investigate latitudinal gradients in species diversity and niche width. He is running two blogs with articles and posts on science, politics and philosophy^[5][6]

• Clarke Medal of the Royal Society of New South Wales (1996, Zoology).
• Inaugural Award for Excellence in Science of the Vice-Chancellor,University of New England (UNE), Australia (1996).^[7]
• Fellow of various scientific societies and institutes including theAustralian Society for Parasitology.^[7]
• Many genera and species as well as a subfamily were named after Klaus Rohde to honour him for his taxonomic work.^[8]

Rohde lived and worked inMünster/Westfalen (Germany), Brackwede/Bielefeld (Germany),Bochum (Germany),Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia),Khartoum (Sudan),Heron Island (Great Barrier Reef) andBrisbane (Australia). He now lives inArmidale (Australia).

Rohde has published about 480 scientific papers in international journals and book chapters, as well as several books.

• Rohde, Klaus (1993).Ecology of Marine Parasites 2nd edition. Wallingford, Oxon, U.K.: CAB International.ISBN 0-85198-845-8.
• Rohde, Klaus (2005).Nonequilibrium Ecology. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.ISBN 0-521-67455-7.^[9]
• Rohde, Klaus, ed. (2005).Marine Parasitology. Melbourne and Wallingford, Oxon, U.K.: CSIRO Publ. and CAB International.ISBN 1-84593-053-3.^[10]
• Rohde, Klaus, ed. (2013).The Balance of Nature and Human Impact. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.ISBN 978-1-107-01961-4.^[11]

The first edition of Ecology of Marine Parasites, University of Queensland Press 1982, has been translated into Malay-Indonesian: Ekologi Parasit Laut, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur.

• 1966Sense receptors of Multicotyle purvisi Dawes (Trematoda, Aspidobothria). Nature, 211, 820–822.
• 1972The Aspidogastrea, especially Multicotyle purvisi Dawes, 1941. Advances in Parasitology, 10, 77–151.
• 1975Fine structure of the Monogenea, especially Polystomoides. Advances in Parasitology, 13, 1–33.
• 1976Species diversity of parasites on the Great Barrier Reef. Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde, 50, 93–94.
• 1977A non-competitive mechanism responsible for restricting niches. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 199, 164–172
• 1978Latitudinal differences in species diversity and their causes. I. A review of the hypotheses explaining the gradients. Biologisches Zentralblatt, 97, 393–403.
• 1978Latitudinal gradients in species diversity and their causes. II. Marine parasitological evidence for a time hypothesis. Biologisches Zentralblatt, 97, 405–418.
• 1979A critical evaluation of intrinsic and extrinsic factors responsible for niche restriction in parasites. American Naturalist, 114, 648–671.
• 1984Helminth Diseases of Marine Fishes. In Diseases of Marine Animals, vol. IV (ed. O Kinne.). Biol. Anst. Helgoland, 193–320, 435–501.
• 1991Intra- and interspecific interactions in low density populations in resource-rich habitats. Oikos, 60, 91–104.
• 1992 Latitudinal gradients in species diversity: the search for the primary cause. Oikos, 65, 514–527.
• 1993 with M Heap and D Heap.Rapoport's rule does not apply to marine teleosts and cannot explain latitudinal gradients in species richness. American Naturalist, 142, 1–16.
• 1994The minor groups of parasitic Platyhelminthes. Advances in Parasitology, 33, 145–234.
• 1994Niche restriction in parasites: proximate and ultimate causes. Parasitology, 109, S69-S84.
• 1997The origins of parasitism in the Platyhelminthes: a summary interpreted on the basis of recent literature. International Journal for Parasitology, 27, 739–746.
• 1998 with M Heap.Latitudinal differences in species and community richness and in community structure of metazoan endo- and ectoparasites of marine teleost fish. International Journal for Parasitology, 28, 461–474.
• 1999 with D T J Littlewood and K A Clough.The interrelationships of all major groups of Platyhelminthes – phylogenetic evidence from morphology and molecules. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 66, 75–114.
• 1999 with D T J Littlewood, R A Bray and E A Herniou.Phylogeny of the Platyhelminthes and the evolution of parasitism. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 68, 257–287.
• 1999 with I D Whittington and L A Chisholm.The larvae of Monogenea (Platyhelminthes). Advances in Parasitology, 44, 139–232.
• 2001The Aspidogastrea, an archaic group of Platyhelminthes. In: Interrelationships of the Platyhelminthes, pp. 159–167. (eds. D T J Littlewood and R A Bray). Taylor & Francis, London and New York.
• 2001Protonephridia as phylogenetic characters. In: Interrelationships of the Platyhelminthes, pp. 203–216. (eds. D T J Littlewood and R A Bray). Taylor & Francis., London and New York.
• 2002 with N J Gotelli.Co-occurrence of ectoparasites of marine fishes: null model analysis. Ecology Letters, 5, 86–94.
• 2002Ecology and biogeography of marine parasites. Advances in Marine Biology, 43, 1–86.
• 2006 with D Stauffer.Simulation of geographical trends in Chowdhury ecosystem model. Advances in Complex Systems 8, 451–464.
• 2008 with P P Rohde.How to measure host specificity.Vie et Milieu (Life and Environment) 58, 121–124.
• 2010Marine parasite diversity and environmental gradients. In: S Morand and B Krasnov (eds.). The Biogeography of Host-Parasite Interactions. Oxford University Press, pp. 73–88.

• [1] at theUniversity of New England (UNE), Australia
• In Tree of Life Rohde, K. (1999) (eds. D R Maddison and W P Maddison)
• In Tree of Life Rohde, K. (1999) (eds. D R Maddison and W P Maddison)
• National Library of Australia."Rohde, Klaus (1932–)"(Materials listing). National Library of Australia. Retrieved21 November 2012.

• 1932 births
• Living people
• 20th-century German biologists
• German parasitologists
• People from Brandenburg an der Havel
• University of Potsdam alumni
• University of Münster alumni

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