| Kissi | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Guinea,Liberia,Sierra Leone |
| Ethnicity | Kissi people |
Native speakers | 910,000 (2017–2020)[1] |
Niger–Congo?
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Latin | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Either:kss – Southern Kissikqs – Northern Kissi |
| Glottolog | kiss1245 |
| Linguasphere | (Kisi, incl. 94-BAB-aa Kisi-N. & 94-BAB-ab Kisi-S.) 94-BAB-a (Kisi, incl. 94-BAB-aa Kisi-N. & 94-BAB-ab Kisi-S.) |
Kissi (orKisi) is aMel language of West Africa, There are two dialects, northern and southern, and both aretonal languages. The northern dialect is spoken inGuinea and inSierra Leone. The southern dialect is spoken inLiberia andSierra Leone. The two dialects are notably different, but are closely related.
In Guinea, the main places Kissi is spoken are the cities ofKissidougou andGuéckédou and their préfectures.
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u |
| Close-mid | e | o |
| Open-mid | ɛ | ɔ |
| Open | a | |
/o,e/ can also approximate to the sounds[ɪ,ʊ].
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labial-velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | voiceless | p | t | k | kp | ||
| voiced/imp. | ɓ | ɗ | (gb) | ||||
| prenasalized | ᵐb | ⁿd | (ᶮɟ) | ᵑɡ | ᵑᵐɡ͡b | ||
| Affricate | t͡ʃ | ||||||
| Fricative | f | s | h | ||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||
| Approximant | l | j | w | ||||
Kissidougou dialects preserve a distinction between/r/ and/l/ phonemes that have been merged as allophones in dialects south of Guéckédou. For instance,la huŋ means exactly the same asra huŋ. Also, "thank you" is realized asbarika around Kissidougou andbalika south of Guéckédou.[r] is considered an allophone of/l/ in Kissidougou.
/w/ can also have an allophone of[v] when preceding front vowel sounds.
The voiced labial-velar stop/gb/ occurs only in onomatopoeic phrases, and medial gb can be regarded as an allophone of its voiceless counterpart.[2]
Kissi has four tones: two register and two contour. The two register tones are level and high, and the two contour tones are a rising mid tone and a falling high tone. Kissi also has an extra-high tone, but occurs only sparingly, functioning in only a few grammatical contexts.[2]
| Kissi pronoun | Pronunciation | English pronoun | Kissi example | English translation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| y | /i/ | I | y tyo kɔlaŋ loŋ. | I'm going there. |
| a | /a/ | you | a tyo kɔlaŋ loŋ. | You're going there. |
| o | /o/ | he/she | o tyo kɔlaŋ loŋ. | He's going there. |
| n | /n/ | we | n tyo kɔlaŋ loŋ. | We're going there. |
| la | /la/ | you (plural) | la tyo kɔlaŋ loŋ. | You're going there. |
| aa | /aː/ | they | aa tyo kɔlaŋ loŋ. | They're going there. |
As can already be seen from these examples, verbs are not conjugated like English verbs, but they are inflected by tone.
| Kissi pronoun | Pronunciation | English pronoun | Kissi example | English translation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ya | /ja/ | me | o tyo ya lɔ. yɔŋgu ya ho. / k'ya ho. | He's going to beat me. Give me that. |
| nɔm | /nɔm/ | you | y tyo nɔm lɔ. | I'm going to beat you. |
| ndu | /ndu/ | him/her | y tyo ndu lɔ. o tyo ndu pilɛ lɔ. | I'm going to beat him / her. He's going to beat himself. |
| na | /na/ | us | o tyo na lɔ. | He's going to beat us. |
| nia | /nia/ | you (plural) | o tyo nia lɔ. | He's going to beat you. |
| ndaa | /ndaː/ | them | o tyo ndaa lɔ. | He's going to beat them. |
Definite and indefinite articles do not exist in Kissi, somuɛi means "the knife" as well as "a knife".If an object has to be defined (because there are more than one, for example), "this" is used:
example:muɛi coŋ - this knife
If that is not exact enough, an object is described using adjectives.
yɔŋgu ya muɛi. / k'ya muɛi. - Give me a/the knife.
yɔŋgu ya muɛi bɛndɛi. / k'ya muɛi bɛndɛi. - Give me the big knife.
