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Kipchak languages

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Sub-branch of the Turkic language family

For the extinct Turkic language, seeKipchak language.

Kipchak
Northwestern Turkic
Geographic distribution	Central Asia,Russia,Northern Caucasus,Balkans,Lithuania,Romania,Ukraine,China
Ethnicity	Kipchaks
Linguistic classification	Turkic Common Turkic Kipchak
Subdivisions	Kipchak–Bulgar Kipchak–Cuman Kipchak–Nogai Kipchak–Kyrgyz
Language codes
Glottolog	`kipc1239`

TheKipchak languages (also known as theKypchak,Qypchaq,Qypshaq or theNorthwestern Turkic languages) are a sub-branch of theTurkic language family spoken by approximately 30 million people in much ofCentral Asia andEastern Europe, spanning fromRomania toChina. Some of the most widely spoken languages in this group areKazakh,Kyrgyz, andTatar.

Linguistic features

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The Kipchak languages share a number of features that have led linguists to classify them together. Some of these features are shared with otherCommon Turkic languages; others are unique to the Kipchak family.

Shared features

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Change of Proto-Turkic *d to/j/ (e.g. *hadaq >ajaq "foot")
Loss of initial *h, see above example

Unique features

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Family-specific

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Frequentfortition (in the form ofassibilation) of initial*/j/ (e.g.*jetti >ʒetti "seven")
Diphthongs from syllable-final*/ɡ/ and*/b/ (e.g. *taɡ >taw "mountain", *sub >suw "water")

Language-specific

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In bothTatar andBashkir, the original mid and high vowels are swapped in position by vowel raising and lowering:

Old Turkic		Tatar (for example)
Mid → high
*e	/e/	i	/i/
*o	/o/	u	/u/
*ö	/ø/	ü	/y/
High → Mid
*i	/i/	e	/ɪ/
*ı	/ɯ/	î	/ɤ/
*u	/u/	o	/ʊ/
*ü	/y/	ö	/ø/

Classification

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The Kipchak languages may be broken down into four groups based on geography and shared features (languages inbold are still spoken today):

Proto-Turkic	Common Turkic	Kipchak	Kipchak–Bulgar (Uralian, Uralo-Caspian)	Bashkir Tatar †Old Tatar (Volga-Ural Turki, literary language)^[1]
			Kipchak–Cuman (Ponto-Caspian)	Crimean Tatar^{[nb 1]} Tatar (Mishar Dialects)^[3] Karachay-Balkar (Mountain Turkic) Kumyk Karaim Krymchak Urum †Cuman †Mamluk-Kipchak †Armeno-Kipchak
			Kipchak–Nogai (Aralo-Caspian)	Dobrujan Tatar Steppe dialect of Crimean Tatar Kazakh Karakalpak Nogai Western Siberian Tatar Tobol-Irtysh Uzbek Kipchak (ru: Кыпчакские диалекты узбекского языка)
			Kipchak–Kyrgyz (Kyrgyz)	Southern Altai^[4] Teleut^[5] Kyrgyz Eastern Siberian Tatar Baraba Tom †Fergana Kipchak

Notes

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^Except for theSouthern "dialect", which is classified among the WesternOghuz languages despite its dialect status.^[2]

References

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^Encyclopedia of Bashkortostan.
^Yazyki miraЯзыки мира [Languages of the World]. Vol. 2. Indirk: Институт языкознания (Российская академия наук). 1997. pp. 19–20.
^Махмутова Л. Т. Опыт исследования тюркских диалектов: мишарский диалект татарского языка. — М.: Наука, 1978
^"Some dialects are close to Kirghiz (Johanson 1998)". Archived fromthe original on 2011-04-08. Retrieved2022-04-14.
^Nevskaya, I. A."The Teleut Language".Endangered Languages of Indigenous Peoples of Siberia.UNESCO. Retrieved2021-07-16.

Bibliography

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Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Ágnes (1998).The Turkic Languages. London: Routledge.ISBN 0-415-08200-5.
Menges, Karl H. (1995).The Turkic Languages and Peoples (2nd ed.). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.ISBN 3-447-03533-1.

Turkic languages

Reconstructed

Proto-Turkic

Western	Northern Uzbek Southern Uzbek
Eastern	Ili Turki Uyghur Khoton Lop Äynu
Old	Chagatai Karakhanid Khorezmian

Kipchak

Bulgar	Bashkir Tatar Mishar Tatar Nagaibak Old Tatar
Cuman	Armeno-Kipchak Crimean Tatar Cuman Karachay-Balkar Karaim Krymchak Kumyk Mamluk-Kipchak Urum
Kyrgyz	Fergana Kipchak Kyrgyz Pamir Kyrgyz Siberian Tatar Baraba Tom Southern Altai Telengit Teleut
Nogai	Karakalpak Kazakh Nogai Siberian Tatar Tobol-Irtysh Uzbek Kipchak

Oghuz

Northern	Salar
Eastern	Khorasani Turkic Turkmen Trukhmen
Southern	Afshari Chaharmahali Turkic Qashqai Sonqori
Western	Azerbaijani North Azerbaijani South Azerbaijani Ajem-Turkic Balkan Gagauz Gagauz Karapapakh Turkish Tsalka Karamanli Turkish Old Anatolian Turkish Ottoman Turkish

Siberian

Northern

Southern

Chulym
- Lower Chulym

Sayan

Steppe	Tuvan
Taiga	Dukhan Soyot Tofa

Yenisei

Old

Disputed classification

Potentially Turkic languages

Creoles andpidgins

Italics indicateextinct languages
Languages between parentheses arevarieties of the language on their left.

Turkic topics

Languages

Alphabets	Old Turkic Common Turkic Cyrillic Old Uyghur Persian

Peoples

Extinct Turkic groups	Bulaqs Bulgars Cumans Dughlats Göktürks Karluks Khazars Kimek Kipchaks K'o-sa Oghuz Turks Shatuo Türgesh Uzes

Politics

Origins

Locations

Sovereign states	Azerbaijan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Northern Cyprus² Turkey Turkmenistan Uzbekistan
Autonomous areas	Altai Republic Bashkortostan Chuvashia Crimea Gagauzia Kabardino-Balkaria Karachay-Cherkessia Karakalpakstan Khakassia Nakhchivan Sakha Tatarstan Tuva Xinjiang

Studies

Religions

Traditional sports

Organizations

¹These are traditional areas of settlement; the Turkic group has been living in the listed country/region for centuries and should not be confused with modern diasporas.
²State with limited international recognition.