The four subdivisions of the Kingdom—Aruba,Curaçao, theNetherlands, andSint Maarten—areconstituent countries (landen inDutch; singular:land) and participate on a basis of equality as partners in the Kingdom.[12] In practice, however, most of the Kingdom's affairs are administered by the Netherlands—which comprises roughly 98% of the Kingdom's land area and population—on behalf of the entire Kingdom. Consequently, Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten are dependent on the Netherlands for matters likeforeign policy anddefence, but are autonomous to a certain degree, with their ownparliaments.
The vast majority of land area of the constituent country of the Netherlands is in Europe, while its threespecial municipalities (Bonaire,Saba, andSint Eustatius) are located in the Caribbean, as are the other three constituent countries. The Kingdom has a population in the Netherlands of 17,821,419 (as of January 2023[update]),[11] and of 29,418 (as of November 2023[update]) in Bonaire, Saba, and Sint Eustatius.[13]
In March 1815, amidst the turmoil of the Hundred Days, William Frederick adopted the style of "William I,king of the Netherlands". Following Napoleon's second defeat at theBattle of Waterloo in June 1815, theVienna Congress supplied international recognition of William's unilateral move.[15] The new king of the Netherlands was also madeGrand Duke of Luxembourg, a part of the Kingdom that was, at the same time, a member state of theGerman Confederation.[14]
In 1830, the southerners, calling themselves Belgians,seceded from the Kingdom, a step that was recognised by the Netherlands only in 1839 in theTreaty of London. At that point, Luxembourg became a fully independent country in apersonal union with the Netherlands. Luxembourg also lost more than half of its territory to Belgium. To compensate the German Confederation for that loss, the remainder of the Dutch province ofLimburg received the same status that Luxembourg had enjoyed before, as a Dutch province that at the same time formed a Duchy of the German Confederation. That status was reversed when the German Confederation ceased to exist in 1867, when Limburg became an ordinary Dutch province.[citation needed]
The Netherlands abolished slavery in its colonies in 1863.[16]
The Kingdom's 1954 administrative reform was sparked by the 1941Atlantic Charter (stating "the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live, and the desire for a permanent system of general security"), which was signed by the Netherlands on 1 January 1942. Changes were proposed in the 7 December 1942 radio speech byQueen Wilhelmina. In this speech, the Queen, on behalf of theDutch government in exile inLondon, expressed a desire to review the relations between the Netherlands and its colonies after the end of the war. After liberation, the government would call a conference to agree on a settlement in which the overseas territories could participate in the administration of the Kingdom on the basis of equality. Initially, this speech had propaganda purposes; the Dutch government had theDutch East Indies (nowIndonesia) in mind, and hoped to appease public opinion in the United States, which had become skeptical towardscolonialism.[17]
WithIndonesia's independence, a temporary confederal constitution was established through theLinggadjati Agreement in 1946, which mandated the creation of aNetherlands-Indonesia Union.[18] However, this arrangement was considered burdensome, as the two nations differed in their interpretations and expectations of the Linggadjati Agreement. The Netherlands advocated for a 'heavy union' led by theDutch monarch,[19][20] while Indonesia favored a loose organization opting individual sovereignty.[21] The union was virtually collapsed by 1954 over theWest New Guinea dispute,[22] leaving the Dutch an opportunity to reorganize their colonial holdings.
Initially, a federal constitution was considered too heavy as the economies ofSuriname and theNetherlands Antilles were insignificant compared to that of the Netherlands. By theCharter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands, as enacted in 1954, a composite state was created (also known as the "Tripartite Kingdom of the Netherlands"), consisting of the Netherlands (mainland), Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles. Under the provisions of the Charter, both former colonies were granted internal autonomy.Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles each got aMinister Plenipotentiary based in the Netherlands, who had the right to participate in Dutch cabinet meetings that discussed affairs of the Kingdom as a whole when they pertained directly to Suriname or the Netherlands Antilles. Delegates of Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles could participate in sessions of the First and Second Chamber of theStates General. An overseas member could be added to theCouncil of State when appropriate. According to the Charter, Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles could each alter its "Basic Law" (Staatsregeling). The right of the two autonomous countries to leave the Kingdom, unilaterally, was not recognised; yet it also stipulated that the Charter could be dissolved by mutual consultation.[17]
Suriname was a constituent country within the Kingdom from 1954 to 1975, while the Netherlands Antilles was a constituent country from 1954 until 2010. Suriname has since become an independent republic, and the Netherlands Antilles was divided into six. Three are constituent countries: Aruba (since 1986), Curaçao and Sint Maarten (since 2010); three are special municipalities of the Netherlands proper: Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba. Netherlands New Guinea was a dependent territory of the Kingdom until 1962, followed byseven-month transitional period when it wasannexed by Indonesia.[24][25] It was not an autonomous country, and was not mentioned in the Charter.[citation needed]
In 1955, QueenJuliana and PrinceBernhard visited Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles. The royal couple were welcomed enthusiastically by the local population, and the trip was widely reported in the Dutch press. Several other royal visits were to follow.[26]
In 1969, an unorganised strike on the Antillean island ofCuraçao resulted inserious disturbances and looting, during which a part of the historic city centre ofWillemstad was destroyed by fire. Order was restored byDutch marines. In the same year, Suriname saw serious political instability with the Surinamese prime minister,Jopie Pengel, threatening to request military support to break a teachers' strike.[citation needed]
In 1973, a new Dutch cabinet under Labour leaderJoop den Uyl assumed power. In thegovernment policy statement, the cabinet declared a wish to determine a date for the independence of Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles with the governments of those nations. The Antillean government was non-committal; the same held for the SurinameseSedney cabinet (1969–1973). Suriname's 1973 elections brought the National Party Combination (Nationale Partij Kombinatie) to power, withHenck Arron as prime minister. The new government declared that Suriname would be independent before 1976. This was remarkable, as independence had not been an issue during the election campaign. The Den Uyl government inThe Hague now had a willing partner inParamaribo to realise its plans for Surinamese independence. Despite vehement and emotional resistance by the Surinamese opposition, Den Uyl and Arron reached an agreement, and, on 25 November 1975, Suriname became independent.[27]
In January 1986, Aruba seceded from the Netherlands Antilles, becoming a constituent country of the Kingdom in its own right. In October 2010, the Netherlands Antilles was dissolved and Curaçao and Sint Maarten became the newest constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.[citation needed]
The Kingdom celebrated itsbicentennial in a series of festive occasions spanning from 2013 to 2015, the last being the year of the actual 200th anniversary of the Kingdom.[28][29]
The Kingdom of the Netherlands consists of fourconstituent countries: the Netherlands, Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten. There is a difference between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Netherlands: the Kingdom of the Netherlands is the comprehensive sovereign state, while the Netherlands is one of its four constituent countries. ThreeCaribbean islands (Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten) are the three remaining constituent countries. Three other Caribbean islands (Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba) arespecial municipalities within the country of the Netherlands. Until itsdissolution in 2010, the islands had formed theNetherlands Antilles, with the exception of Aruba, which left the grouping in 1986.[citation needed]
Constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
The special municipalities ofBonaire,Sint Eustatius, andSaba, together referred to asCaribbean Netherlands orBES islands, are islands in the Caribbean that are part of the Netherlands proper but not part of any Dutch province.[33] They resemble ordinaryDutch municipalities in most ways (with a mayor, aldermen, and a municipal council, for example) and are subject to the ordinary Dutch legislative process. Residents of these three islands are also able to vote in Dutch national and European elections. There are, however, some derogations for these islands.Social security, for example, is not on the same level as it is in the Netherlands proper. In November 2008 it was decided to introduce the U.S. dollar in the three islands.[34] The date of introduction was 1 January 2011. The Netherlands carries the risk of exchange rate fluctuations regarding cash flows between the state and the islands.[citation needed]
Aruba, with its own constitution, is a representative parliamentary democracy organised as a unitary state. Its administration consists of theGovernor, who represents the Monarch, and the (Aruban) Council of Ministers, headed by aPrime Minister. The sovereign people of Aruba are represented by 21 parliamentarians in theParliament of Aruba. The Governor of Aruba isAlfonso Boekhoudt, and the Prime Minister isMike Eman. It has its own Central Bank and currency, theAruban florin, linked to the U.S. dollar; the U.S. dollar is accepted almost everywhere on the island. Aruba has two official languages: its own national languagePapiamento and the Kingdom of the Netherlands' Dutch language.[35]
Aruba,Curaçao, andSint Maarten regulate the governance of their respective countries, but are subordinate to theCharter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Netherlands is ruled by the provisions and institutions of theConstitution for the Kingdom of the Netherlands that also constitutes and regulates the institutions of the Kingdom as a whole as mentioned in the Charter. The Constitution is also subordinate to the Charter. The provisions in the Charter for some of these institutions are additional and are applicable only for those affairs of the Kingdom, as described in the Charter, when they affect Aruba, Curaçao, or Sint Maarten directly. In cases where affairs of the Kingdom do not affect Aruba, Curaçao, or Sint Maarten, they are dealt with according to the provisions laid down in the Constitution. In these cases the Netherlands, the jurisdiction ruled directly by theConstitution for the Kingdom of the Netherlands, acts alone, according to its constitution and in its capacity as the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The other three countries cannot do the same for affairs of the Kingdom that only pertain to them and not to the Netherlands proper. In these cases, the provisions of the Charter prevail.[citation needed]
Changes in the Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands can only be made when all constituent countries agree.[citation needed]
In December 2007, a Deputy Council for Kingdom Relations was established.[38][39] This deputy council prepares the meetings of the Council of Ministers of the Kingdom. The establishment of such a Council has long been advocated by the Council of State of the Kingdom.[40]
Two legal instruments are available at the Kingdom level: the Kingdom act (Dutch:Rijkswet) and the Order-in-Council for the Kingdom (Dutch:Algemene maatregel van Rijksbestuur). An example of a Kingdom act is the "Kingdom Act regarding Dutch citizenship" (Dutch:Rijkswet op het Nederlanderschap).[citation needed]
The Monarch of the Netherlands is thehead of state of the Kingdom. The Monarch is represented in Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten by a governor.[citation needed]
The legislature of the Kingdom consists of theStates General of the Netherlands and the Government. Articles 14, 16 and 17 of the Charter give some participation to the parliaments of the Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten.[citation needed]
Article 13 of the Charter specifies that there is a Council of State of the Kingdom. It is (as all institutions of the Kingdom) regulated in the Constitution, but the Charter implies that at the request of Aruba, Curaçao, or Sint Maarten, a member from each of these islands can be included in the Council of State.[36] Aruba is currently exercising this right.[37] This has not always been the case; the Netherlands Antilles had no member until 1987 and Aruba had none until 2000.[41] Sint Maarten's first member of the Council of State will be former Lieutenant Governor Dennis Richardson.[42]
TheHoge Raad der Nederlanden is thesupreme court of the Kingdom by virtue of the Cassation regulation for the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba.[43] The basis for this regulation is article 23 of the Charter. The second paragraph of that article specifies that if an overseas country of the Kingdom so requests, the Kingdom Act should provide for an additional court member from that country.[36] To date, neither Aruba, Curaçao, nor Sint Maarten has used this right.[citation needed]
According to Article 39 of the Charter, "civil andcommercial law, the law of civil procedure,criminal law, the law of criminal procedure,copyright,industrial property, the office ofnotary, and provisions concerning weights and measures shall be regulated as far as possible in a similar manner in the Netherlands, Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten". The Article further stipulates that when a drastic amendment of the existing legislation in regard to these matters is proposed, the proposal shall not be submitted to or considered by a representative assembly until the Governments in the other countries have had the opportunity to express their views on the matter.[36]
Mutual arbitration between the constituent countries and the Kingdom
In case of a conflict between a constituent country and the Kingdom, Article 12 of the Charter prescribes an administrative reconciliation procedure. This was often deemed a democratic deficit of the Kingdom, leading to the adoption of an amendment to the Charter, which entered into force on 23 November 2010.[44] The new Article 12a specifies that in addition to the administrative reconciliation procedure, "by Kingdom Act measures shall be made allowing for the arbitration of certain conflicts, as specified by Kingdom Act, between the Kingdom and the countries."[36] The imperative formulation was the result of an amendment in the Chamber of Representatives by special delegates Evelyna Wever-Croes andJ.E. Thijsen of Aruba; the original formulation was "by Kingdom Act measurescan be made".[45]
The new Article 38a allows for measures to be made for arbitration between countries as well. In contrast with Article 12a, this article is not imperatively formulated.[36]
Regulation of the orders of chivalry, the flag and the coat of arms of the Kingdom;
Regulation of the nationality of vessels and the standards required for the safety and navigation of seagoing vessels flying the flag of the Kingdom, with the exception of sailing ships;
Supervision of the general rules governing the admission and expulsion of Netherlands nationals;
General conditions for the admission and expulsion of aliens;
Extradition.
One additional Kingdom affair is specified in article 43(2):
On the basis of Article 38, the countries of the Kingdom can decide to adopt a Kingdom Act outside of the scope of the aforementioned Kingdom affairs. Such acts are referred to as Consensus Kingdom Acts, as they require the consent of the parliaments of Aruba, Curaçao and St. Maarten.[36]
The Kingdom negotiates and concludes internationaltreaties and agreements. Those that do not affect Aruba, Curaçao, or Sint Maarten directly are dealt with by the provisions of the Constitution (in fact by theNetherlands alone). Article 24 of the Charter specifies that when an international treaty or agreement affects Aruba, Curaçao, or Sint Maarten, the treaty or agreement concerned shall be submitted to their representative assemblies. The article further specifies that when such a treaty or agreement is submitted for the tacit approval of theStates General of the Netherlands (Dutch:Staten-Generaal der Nederlanden), the Ministers Plenipotentiary may communicate their wish that the treaty or agreement concerned shall be subject to the express approval of the States General.[36]
Article 25 gives Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten the opportunity to opt out from an international treaty or agreement.[36] The treaty or agreement concerned then has to specify that the treaty or agreement does not apply to Aruba, Curaçao, or Sint Maarten.
Article 26 specifies that when Aruba, Curaçao, or Sint Maarten communicate their wish for the conclusion of an international economic or financial agreement that applies solely to the country concerned, the Government of the Kingdom shall assist in the conclusion of such an agreement, unless this would be inconsistent with the country's ties with the Kingdom.[36]
Article 27 specifies the involvement of Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten in the preparations for a treaty or agreement that affects them and Article 28 specifies that Aruba, Curaçao, or Sint Maarten may, if they so desire, accede to membership of international organisations.[36]
Most scholars agree that it is difficult to group the constitutional arrangements of the Kingdom in one of the traditional models of state organisation, and consider the Kingdom to be asui generis arrangement.[41][46] Instead, the Kingdom is said to have characteristics of afederal state, aconfederation, afederacy, and adevolved unitary state.
The Kingdom's federal characteristics include the delineation of Kingdom affairs in the Charter, the enumeration of the constituting parts of the Kingdom in the Charter, the fact that the Charter subordinates the law of the constituting countries to the law of the Kingdom, the establishment of Kingdom institutions in the Charter, and the fact that the Kingdom has its own legislative instruments: the Kingdom act and the Order-in-Council for the Kingdom.[citation needed]
Its confederal characteristics include the fact that the Charter can only be amended by consensus among the constituent countries.[41]
Characteristics that point more or less to a federacy include the fact that the functioning of the institutions of the Kingdom is governed by theConstitution of the Netherlands where the Charter does not provide for them. The Charter also does not provide a procedure for the enactment of Kingdom acts; articles 81 to 88 of the Constitution of the Netherlands also apply for Kingdom acts, but with some additions and corrections stipulated in articles 15 to 22 of the Charter. The only Kingdom institution that requires the participation of the Caribbean countries in a mandatory way is the Council of Ministers of the Kingdom; both the Supreme Court and the Council of State of the Kingdom only include Caribbean members if one or more Caribbean countries ask for it, and the Caribbean countries are almost completely excluded from participating in the Kingdom's legislature. They can, however, participate in the drafting of a Kingdom act and their Ministers Plenipotentiary can oppose a Kingdom act otherwise supported by the Kingdom government in front of the Kingdom's parliament. Furthermore, according to article 15 of the Charter, the Ministers Plenipotentiary can request the Kingdom parliament to introduce a draft Kingdom act.[41] Last, but not least, the Netherlands can, according to article 14 of the Charter, conduct Kingdom affairs on its own if conducting such affairs does not affect Aruba, Curaçao, or Sint Maarten. Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten do not have this right.[41]
A characteristic that points to a devolved unitary state is the ability of the Kingdom government, according to article 50 of the Charter, to render a legislative or administrative measure of one of the Caribbean countries void if it is inconsistent with the Charter, an international agreement, a Kingdom act, an Order-in-Council for the Kingdom, or if it regulates an otherwise Kingdom affair.[41]
The constitutional structure of the Kingdom is summarised by constitutional scholar C. Borman, in an often-cited definition, as follows:
a voluntary association of autonomous countries in a sovereign Kingdom that is placed above them, in which the institutions of the Kingdom largely coincide with the institutions of the largest country, in which on the level of the Kingdom only a few affairs are governed, and in which from the level of the Kingdom a limited influence can be exerted on the smaller countries.[47]
Constitutional scholar C. A. J. M. Kortmann speaks of an "association of countries that has characteristics of a federation, yet one of its own kind."[48] Belinfante and De Reede do speak about a "federal association" without any reservations.[49]
Other states also have multiple territories, but such territories are distinct. Some states, such as theUnited Kingdom and itsoverseas territories, as well as the United States and itsinsular areas, do not consider their external territories as integral parts of the state.[citation needed]
Other states, such as theCommonwealth of Australia, do treat their external territories as integral components, but have only one country/nationality level equivalent to the state.[citation needed]
The Kingdom of the Netherlands is a founding member state of theEuropean Union. Although originally bothSuriname and the Netherlands Antilles were explicitly excluded from association with the European Economic Community by means of a special protocol attached to the Treaty of Rome,[50] the status of Suriname as anoverseas country (OCT) of the Community was established by a Supplementary Act completing the instrument of ratification of the Kingdom of the Netherlands on 1 September 1962.[51] TheConvention on the association of the Netherlands Antilles with the European Economic Community entered into force on 1 October 1964, signaling the attainment of OCT status by the Netherlands Antilles.Suriname is now an independent republic and a sovereign country, outside the EU. The Antilles have beendissolved.[citation needed]
The Caribbean islands, including theBES islands that are part of the Netherlands proper, are OCTs. Since citizenship is a Kingdom affair, and is thus not distinguished for the four countries, citizens from all four countries are alsocitizens of the European Union. However, these territories are not part of the European Union.[52]
In 2004, a joint commission proposed major reforms for theNetherlands Antilles. On 11 October and 2 November 2006, agreements were signed between the Dutch government and the governments of each island that would put into effect the commission's findings by 15 December 2008.[53] The reform took effect on 10 October 2010. Under these reforms, the Netherlands Antilles were dissolved andCuraçao andSint Maarten became constituent countries within the Kingdom of the Netherlands, obtaining the same status asAruba which seceded from the Netherlands Antilles in 1986.[citation needed]
TheBES islands (i.e.,Bonaire,Saba, andSint Eustatius) became direct parts of the Netherlands, which is itself the major constituent country of the Kingdom. As special municipalities, they were constituted as "public bodies" (Dutch:openbare lichamen) under theConstitution for the Kingdom of the Netherlands. These municipalities resemble ordinaryDutch municipalities in most ways (e.g., they have mayors, aldermen, and municipal councils) and thelaws of the Netherlands would operate in them. As a transitional measure, however, only Netherlands law necessary to function within its legal system took immediate effect when the BES islands joined the Netherlands on 10 October 2010, while most laws of the Netherlands Antilles remained in force. Since that date, Dutch legislation slowly replaced Netherlands Antilles laws. Nevertheless, some derogations exist: e.g.,social security is not at the same level as in the European part of the Netherlands, and the islands' currency is the U.S. dollar, not the euro.[54]
The special municipalities will be represented in the affairs of the Kingdom by the Netherlands, as they vote for theDutch parliament. The DutchSenate is chosen byprovincial councils; however, as the BES islands are not part of any province, each elects anelectoral college who then choose the Senators similarly to the provincial councils.[54]
The Netherlands has proposed to conducted a study on the BES islands acquiring theEuropean Union status ofOutermost Regions (OMR), also called Ultra Peripheral Regions (UPR). The study would also look into how the islands would fare under UPR status.[54]
Distinction between the Netherlands and the Kingdom
Outside the Kingdom of the Netherlands, "Netherlands" is used as the English short-form name to describe the Kingdom of the Netherlands. At the United Nations, for example, the Kingdom was, until 2023, identified in the General Assembly by its English short-form name "Netherlands", whereas the English long-form name "Kingdom of the Netherlands" was used in place of the name "Netherlands" in formal UN documentation. In 2023, at the request of the Dutch government, the UN adopted "Kingdom of the Netherlands" as the official short form, which in alphabetical lists appears as "Netherlands (Kingdom of the)". The new form appears in the terminology database of the United Nations: UNTERM.International treaties, also, frequently shorten "Kingdom of the Netherlands" to "Netherlands". The Dutch name that is commonly used isNederland, which is a singular form, whereas the official Dutch nameKoninkrijk der Nederlanden like the English "(Kingdom of the) Netherlands", uses the plural form. In Dutch practice, however, "Kingdom of the Netherlands" is shortened to "Kingdom" and not to "Netherlands", as the latter name could be confused with the Kingdom's principal constituent country rather than with the Kingdom in its Charter capacity.[l] The Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands also shortens "Kingdom of the Netherlands" to "Kingdom" rather than to "Netherlands".[36]
Apart from the fact that referring to the Kingdom of the Netherlands as the "Netherlands" can be confusing, the term "Kingdom" is also used to prevent any feelings of ill will that could be associated with the use of the term "Netherlands." The use of the term "Netherlands" for the Kingdom as a whole might imply that Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten are not equal to the Kingdom's country in Europe and that the three island countries have no say in affairs pertaining to the Kingdom but are instead subordinate to the European country. Though the influence of the islands in Kingdom affairs is limited, it certainly exists.[citation needed]
Talking about the negotiation tactics of then Minister for Kingdom AffairsAlexander Pechtold,ChristenUnie leader, and thendemissionary Deputy Prime Minister of the NetherlandsAndré Rouvoet illustrated the sensitivity in this matter by remarking in theHouse of Representatives that "[...] the old reproof that constantly characterised the relationship between the Netherlands and the Antilles immediately surfaced again. The Netherlands identifies the Kingdom with the Netherlands and dictates. The Netherlands Antilles can like it or lump it."[55] In addition, theWerkgroep Bestuurlijke en Financiële Verhoudingen Nederlandse Antillen—the commission that explored the current constitutional reform of the Kingdom—recommended that the "identification of the Netherlands with the Kingdom needs to be eliminated".[56] The Council of State of the Kingdom joins the commission in this by remarking that the Kingdom of the Netherlands has no telephone number, no budget and that theCouncil of Ministers of the Kingdom usually meets very briefly with a summary agenda.[57] To counter this habit, the Council of State has suggested that with the pending constitutional reform in the Kingdom, a Secretariat for the Kingdom will be instituted that prepares the agenda for the Council of Ministers of the Kingdom and guards the enforcement of decisions of the council.[citation needed]
The Kingdom of the Netherlands covers a total area of 42,531 km2 (16,421 sq mi); and a land area of 34,467 km2 (13,308 sq mi). The Kingdom of the Netherlands hasland borders withBelgium, Germany (both in the European Netherlands), and France (onSaint Martin).
About one quarter of the Netherlands lies below sea level, as much land has been reclaimed from the sea.Dikes were erected to protect the land from flooding. Previously, the highest point of the Netherlands was theVaalserberg inLimburg at only 322.7 m (1,059 ft), but with the constitutional reform of 10 October 2010 this changed asSaba became part of the Netherlands as a special municipality, and itsMount Scenery (870 m; 2,850 ft) took the place of the Vaalserberg.
The Caribbean parts of the Kingdom consist of two zones with different geographic origins, both in theWest Indies. TheLeeward Islands (Saba, Sint Eustatius and Sint Maarten) are all of volcanic origin and hilly, leaving little ground suitable for agriculture. TheLeeward Antilles (Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao) are largely lacking involcanic activity: theisland arc occurs along the deformed southern edge of theCaribbean Plate and was formed by the plate'ssubduction under theSouth American Plate.
The Caribbean islands have a tropicalclimate, with warm weather all year round. The Leeward Islands are subject tohurricanes in the summer months. The European part of the Netherlands has a moderatemaritime climate, with cool summers and mild winters.
The Netherlands Antilles wasdissolved. Curaçao and Sint Maarten became constituent countries, while theBES islands became special municipalities of the Netherlands.
^The official motto is in French. TheDutch translation isIk zal handhaven.
^The literal translation into English is "I will maintain"; a better translation, however, is "I will hold firm" or "I will uphold" (namely, the integrity and independence of the territory).[original research?]
^The Prime Minister of the Netherlands is referred to as "Our Prime Minister, in his capacity as chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Kingdom" (Dutch:Onze Minister-President, in zijn hoedanigheid van voorzitter van de raad van ministers van het Koninkrijk) when he acts as a Minister of the Kingdom. An example of this can be found in article 2(3a) of theAct on financial supervision for Curaçao and Sint Maarten. Other ministers of the Netherlands are referred to with the additional line "in his capacity as Minister of the Kingdom" (Dutch:in zijn hoedanigheid van Minister van het Koninkrijk) when they act as Kingdom Ministers, as for example with "Our Minister of Justice in his capacity as Minister of the Kingdom" (Dutch:Onze Minister van Justitie in zijn hoedanigheid van minister van het Koninkrijk), except for the Minister of Foreign Affairs and the Minister of Defence, since they always act in a Kingdom capacity. For more information on this, seeBorman 2005 andBorman 2010.
^Not to be confused with the constituent country, theNetherlands, which is only a part of the Kingdom. In some contexts "the Netherlands" refers to the constituent country, in more formal contexts it may refer to the Kingdom.
^The population statistics of the Central Bureau of Statistics for the Netherlands do not include the Caribbean Netherlands ("Niet-gemeentelijke indelingen".Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek.Archived from the original on 9 September 2015,2). The number given here results from adding the population statistics of the Netherlands with those of the Caribbean Netherlands.
^Examples of this practice can be found in all government documents and in nearly all press reports on Kingdom affairs, as well as in institutions that are related to the Kingdom of the Netherlands:Raad van Ministers van het Koninkrijk ("Council of Ministers of the Kingdom"),Ministerie van Binnenlanse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties ("Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Affairs"), theKoninkrijksspelen ("Kingdom Games", the Dutch equivalent of theCommonwealth Games), etc.
^ab"CBS Statline".opendata.cbs.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved30 March 2023.
^The Charter of the Kingdom was fully explained in an "EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM to the Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands", transmitted to theUnited Nations Secretary-General in compliance with the wishes expressed in General Assembly resolutions 222 (III) and 747 (VIII). New York, 30 March 1955 (* Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken, 41, Suriname en de Nederlandse Antillen in de Verenigde Naties III, Staatsdrukkerij-en uitgeversbedrijf/ 's Gravenhage, 1956)
^"CBS Statline".opendata.cbs.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved28 November 2023.
^Gert Oostindie,De parels en de kroon. Het koningshuis en de koloniën (The Pearls and the Crown. The Royal House and the Colonies; Amsterdam:De Bezige Bij, 2006).
^Gert Oostindie and Inge Klinkers,Knellende Koninkrijksbanden. Het Nederlandse dekolonisatiebeleid in de Caraïben, 1940–2000, II,1954–1975 (Stringent Kingdom Ties. The Dutch De-colonisation Policy in the Caribbean; Amsterdam: University Press 2001).
^"31.954, Wet openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba" (in Dutch). Eerste kamer der Staten-Generaal.Archived from the original on 25 November 2010. Retrieved15 October 2010.De openbare lichamen vallen rechtstreeks onder het Rijk omdat zij geen deel uitmaken van een provincie. (The public bodies (...), because they are not part of a Province)
^In Dutch: Cassatieregeling voor de Nederlandse Antillen en Aruba, text available here"Archived copy"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 25 March 2016. Retrieved17 March 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^"De in het statuut neergelegde staatsvorm heeft een uniek karakter en is moeilijk in een bepaalde categorie onder te brengen [...] Veelal wordt dan ook geconcludeerd dat het Koninkrijk niet van een duidelijke classificate kan worden voorzien. Gesproken wordt van een quasi-, dan wel pseudo-federatie of van een constructiesui generis", in: C. Borman (2005)Het Statuut voor het KoninkrijkArchived 12 April 2016 at theWayback Machine, Deventer: Kluwer, pp. 23–24.
^"Een poging om de structuur van het Koninkrijk samen te vatten leidt tot de volgende omschrijving: een vrijwillig samengaan van autonome landen in een boven die landen geplaatst soeverein Koninkrijk, waarbij de organen van het Koninkrijk grotendeels samenvallen met die van het grootste land, op het niveau van het Koninkrijk slechts enkele taken worden verricht en vanwege het Koninkrijk een beperkte invloed kan worden uitgeoefend op het autonome bestuur in de kleinere landen", in: C. Borman (2005)Het Statuut voor het KoninkrijkArchived 12 April 2016 at theWayback Machine, Deventer: Kluwer, p. 24.
^"associatie van landen die trekken heeft van een federatie (Bondsstaat), maar wel een eigensoortige", in: C. A. J. M. Kortmann (2005)Constitutioneel recht, Deventer, p. 107.
^A.D. Belinfante, J.L. De Reede (2002)Beginselen van het Nederlandse Staatsrecht, Deventer, p. 315.
^"Treaty Establishing the EEC – Protocol on the Application of the Treaty Establishing the European Economic Community to the Non-European Parts of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
The High Contracting Parties,
Anxious, at the time of signature of the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, to define the scope of the provisions of Article 227 of this Treaty in respect of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Have agreed upon the following provisions, which shall be annexed to this Treaty: The Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, by reason of the constitutional structure of the Kingdom resulting from the Statute of 29 December 1954, shall, by way of derogation from Article 227, be entitled to ratify the Treaty on behalf of the Kingdom in Europe and Netherlands New Guinea only. Done at Rome this twenty-fifth day of March in the year one thousand nine hundred and fifty-seven.", in: cvce.eu –Treaty establishing the EEC – Protocol on the application of the Treaty establishing the EEC to the non-European parts of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (1957)
^"The Netherlands also includes 6 overseas countries and territories in the Caribbean. These territories are not part of the EU."EU websiteArchived 19 December 2018 at theWayback Machine
^André Rouvoet (12 October 2005)."Bijdrage debat Begroting Koninkrijksrelaties 2006" (in Dutch). ChristenUnie.nl. Archived fromthe original on 6 May 2009. Retrieved21 October 2007.Hoewel Minister De Grave er wat ons betreft meer vaart achter had mogen zetten, had hij onmiskenbaar de goede richting te pakken én, dat is in Koninkrijkszaken cruciaal, de goede toon. Zijn opvolger, Minister Pechtold, bleek die broodnodige prudentie te ontberen met als dieptepunt zijn brief van 24 augustus waarin hij staatkundige veranderingen afhankelijk maakte van financiële verbeteringen. Het oude verwijt dat steeds de relatie tussen Nederland en de Antillen heeft gekenmerkt, speelde onmiddellijk weer op. Nederland vereenzelvigt het Koninkrijk met Nederland en dicteert. De Nederlandse Antillen moeten slikken of stikken. Gevolg: ergernis in de West, verstoorde verhoudingen en verlies van momentum; geen frisse wind, maar meer een storm in de Caribische porseleinkast. Het zal allemaal wel te maken hebben met de behoefte van deze minister om te zeggen wat hij denkt en heilige huisjes niet te sparen, maar echt behulpzaam voor de verhoudingen in het Koninkrijk is het niet.
^Raad van State van het Koninkrijk (18 September 2006)."Voorlichting overeenkomstig artikel 18, tweede lid, van de Wet op de Raad van State inzake de hervorming van de staatkundige verhoudingen van de Antilliaanse eilanden binnen het Koninkrijk"(PDF) (in Dutch). pp. 34–35.Archived(PDF) from the original on 25 March 2009. Retrieved21 October 2007.Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden heeft geen adres of telefoonnummer en al evenmin een eigen budget. Als het Koninkrijk wordt gebeld, krijgt men Nederland aan de lijn. De relaties binnen het Koninkrijk zijn vooral een dynamisch onderhandelingsproces. Een democratisch gelegitimeerd centrum ontbreekt. Het duidelijkst geldt dit voor de rijksministerraad, die gewoonlijk slechts zeer kortstondig beraadslaagt, met een zeer summiere agenda en met weinig discussie over de koers van het Koninkrijk als geheel. Voor de voorbereiding is de raad vrijwel geheel afhankelijk van (voorbereidend) overleg tussen vertegenwoordigers van de drie landsregeringen.
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