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List of monarchs of Germany

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This article is about monarchs ruling over Germany after the 843 Treaty of Verdun. For ancient German/Germanic kings before the treaty, seeList of Frankish kings. For German monarchs who lost their thrones in 1918, seeList of German monarchs in 1918.
German kingdom (blue) in the Holy Roman Empire around 1000

This is a list of monarchs who ruled overEast Francia, and theKingdom of Germany (Latin:Regnum Teutonicum), fromthe division of theFrankish Empire in 843 andthe collapse of theHoly Roman Empire in 1806 untilthe collapse of theGerman Empire in 1918:

East Francia (843–962)

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Carolingian dynasty

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Main article:Carolingian dynasty
Seal/PortraitNameKingEmperorEndedNotesR.

Inaccurate[a]

Louis II the German
   (Ludwig der Deutsche)[1]		c.10 August 843—28 August 876Son of EmperorLouis the Pious and grandson ofCharlemagne[2]

Non-contemporary

Carloman
(Karlmann)		28 August 876—22 March 880Son ofLouis the German ruled inBavaria; from 876, alsoKing of Italy[3]

Non-contemporary

Louis III the Younger
(Ludwig der Jüngere)		22 March 880—20 January 882Son ofLouis the German ruled inEast Francia,Saxony; from 880, alsoBavaria[4]
Charles III the Fat
 (Karl der Dicke)[5]		20 January 88212 February 881c.17 November 887Son ofLouis the German ruled inAlemannia,Raetia, from 882 in the entire Eastern Kingdom; from 880, alsoKing of Italy[6]
Arnulf of Carinthia
(Arnulf von Kärnten)		c.27 November 88725 April 8968 December 899Illegitimate son ofCarloman[7][8]
Non-contemporaryLouis IV the Child
(Ludwig das Kind)		8 December 899—24 September 911Son ofArnulf of Carinthia[9][10]

Conradine dynasty

[edit]
Main article:Conradines
PortraitNameKingEmperorEndedNotesR.
Non-contemporaryConrad I
(Konrad I.)		10 November 911—23 December 918Elected by the nobility[11]

Ottonian dynasty

[edit]
Main article:Ottonian dynasty
  (§) – Rival king that never ruled unopposed
Seal/PortraitNameKingEmperorEndedNotesR.
Henry I the Fowler
(Heinrich I. der Vogler)		14 / 24 May 919—2 July 936Elected by the nobility[12]
Non-contemporaryArnulf the Evil
(Arnulf der Böse)		919—921Rival king to Henry I, member of theLuitpoldings

Holy Roman Empire (962–1806)

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The title "King of the Romans", used in theHoly Roman Empire, was, from the coronation of Henry II, considered equivalent to King of Germany. A king was chosen by the German electors and would then proceed to Rome to becrowned emperor by the pope.

Ottonian dynasty (continued)

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PortraitNameKingEmperorEndedNotes
Non-contemporaryOtto I the Great
(Otto I. der Große)		2 July 9362 February 9627 May 973Son of Henry I; first king crowned inAachen Cathedral sinceLothair I; crowned as Otto by the grace of God King;[13] crownedHoly Roman Emperor in 962
Otto II the Red
(Otto II. der Rote)		26 May 96125 December 9677 December 983Son of Otto I;
Otto by the grace of God King[13] under his father 961–973;
also crownedemperor in his father's lifetime
Otto III
(Otto III.)		25 December 98321 May 99621 January 1002Son of Otto II; Otto by the grace of God King[13]
Henry II the Saint
(Heinrich II. der Heilige)		7 June 100226 April 101413 July 1024Great-grandson of Henry I

Salian dynasty

[edit]
Main article:Salian dynasty
  (#) – Junior king
  (§) – Rival king that never ruled unopposed
Seal/PortraitNameKingEmperorEndedNotes

Non-contemporary

Conrad II
(Konrad II.)		8 September 102426 March 10274 June 1039Great-great-grandson of Otto I
Henry III
(Heinrich III.)		14 April 102825 December 10465 October 1056Son of Conrad II;
King (of the Germans?)[13] under his father 1028–1039
Henry IV
(Heinrich IV.)		17 July 105421 March 108431 December 1105Son of Henry III;
King of Germany under his father, 1054–1056
Rudolf of Rheinfelden
(Rudolf von Rheinfelden)		15 March 1077—15 October 1080Rival king to Henry IV; member of theRheinfeld.
Hermann of Salm
(Hermann von Salm)		6 August 1081—28 September 1088Rival king to Henry IV; member of theSalm family.

Non-contemporary

Conrad
(Konrad)		30 May 1087—27 July 1101Son of Henry IV;
King of Germany under his father, 1087–1098,
King of Italy, 1093–1098, 1095–1101 in rebellion.
Non-contemporaryHenry V
(Heinrich V.)		6 January 109913 April 111123 May 1125Son of Henry IV;
King of Germany under his father, 1099–1105, forced his father to abdicate

Supplinburger dynasty

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Seal/PortraitNameKingEmperorEndedNotes
Non-contemporaryLothair III
(Lothar III.)		13 September 11254 June 11334 December 1137He was Lothair II of Germany, but Lothair III of Italy

Gave rise to theGuelph faction, named after his heir and son-in-lawHenry the Proud of theHouse of Welf

Hohenstaufen dynasty

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Main article:Hohenstaufen
  (#) – Junior king
Seal/PortraitNameKingEmperorEndedNotes
Non-contemporaryConrad III
(Konrad III.)		7 March 1138—15 February 1152Grandson of Henry IV (through his mother);
Previously rival king to Lothair III 1127–1135
Henry Berengar
(Heinrich (VI.))		30 March 1147—August? 1150Son of Conrad III;
King of Germany under his father 1147–1150
Frederick I Barbarossa
(Friedrich I. Barbarossa)		4 March 115218 June 115510 June 1190Nephew of Conrad III
Non-contemporaryHenry VI
(Heinrich VI.)		15 August 116915 April 119128 September 1197Son of Frederick I;
King of Germany under his father 1169–1190
Frederick II
(Friedrich II. Stupor mundi)		1196—1198Son of Henry VI;
King of Germany under his father 1196–1198[14]
Non-contemporaryPhilip of Swabia
(Philipp von Schwaben)		8 March 1198—21 June 1208Son of Frederick I;rival king to Otto IV
Otto IV
(Otto IV.)		9 June 119821 October 12091215Great-grandson of Lothair III, member of theHouse of Welf; later opposed byFrederick II; deposed, 1215; died 19 May 1218
Frederick II
(Friedrich II. Stupor mundi)		5 December 121222 November 122026 December 1250Son of Henry VI;
Rival king to Otto IV until 5 July 1215
Henry
(Heinrich (VII.))		April 1220—2 July 1235Son of Frederick II;
King of Germany under his father, 1220–1235
Conrad IV
(Konrad IV.)		February 1237—21 May 1254Son of Frederick II;
King of Germany under his father, 1237–1250

Interregnum

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Further information:Interregnum (HRE)
  (§) – Rival king that never ruled unopposed
ImageCoat of armsNameHouseKingEmperorEndedNotes
Henry Raspe
(Heinrich Raspe)		Thuringia22 May 1246—16 February 1247Rival King toFrederick II and great-great-great-grandson ofHenry IV
William of Holland
(Wilhelm von Holland)		Holland3 October 1247—28 January 1256Rival King toFrederick II andConrad IV 1247–1254; unopposed 1254-1256

MarriedElisabeth of theHouse of Welf in January 1252 to gain support of theGuelph faction

Richard of Cornwall
(Richard von Cornwall)		Plantagenet13 January 1257—2 April 1272Brother-in-law ofFrederick II and first-cousin ofOtto IV, held little real authority[note 1]

Supported by theGuelph faction

Alfonso of Castile
(Alfons von Kastilien)		House of Ivrea1 April 1257—1275Grandson ofPhilip of Swabia; rival king toRichard of Cornwall; he held no authority and never went to Germany

Supported by theGhibelline faction, but lost their support when he was opposed byRudolf I in 1273

Relinquished claims in 1275

Changing dynasties

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  (#) – Junior king
  (§) – Rival king that never ruled unopposed
ImageCoat of armsNameHouseKingEmperorEndedNotes
Rudolf I
(Rudolf I. von Habsburg)		Habsburg1 October 1273[15]—15 July 1291First of theHabsburgs
Non-contemporaryAdolf of Nassau
(Adolf von Nassau)		Nassau5 May 1292—23 June 1298According to some historians, Adolf's election was preceded by the short-lived kingship ofConrad, Duke of Teck. See his article for details.
Non-contemporaryAlbert I
(Albrecht I. von Habsburg)		Habsburg24 June 1298—1 May 1308Son of Rudolf I; Rival king to Adolf of Nassau, 1298
Non-contemporaryHenry VII
(Heinrich VII.)		Luxembourg27 November 130829 June 131224 August 1313Holy Roman Emperor
Louis IV (V)
the Bavarian
(Ludwig der Bayer)		Wittelsbach20 October 131417 January 132811 October 1347Grandson of Rudolf I; rival king to Frederick the Fair, 1314–1322
Non-contemporaryFrederick the Fair
(Friedrich der Schöne)		Habsburg19 October 1314/
5 September 1325		—28 September 1322/
13 January 1330		Son of Albert I;
rival king to Louis IV, 1314–1322;
associate king with Louis IV, 1325–1330
Charles IV
(Karl IV.)		Luxembourg11 July 13465 April 135529 November 1378Grandson of Henry VII; rival king to Louis IV, 1346–1347;
alsoKing of Bohemia,King of Italy andHoly Roman Emperor
Non-contemporaryGünther von Schwarzburg
(Günther von Schwarzburg)		Schwarzburg30 January 1349—24 May 1349Rival king to Charles IV
Wenceslaus
(Wenzel von Böhmen)		Luxembourg10 June 1376—20 August 1400Son of Charles IV; king of Germany under his father 1376–1378; deposed 1400;
also by inheritanceKing of Bohemia; died 1419
Non-contemporaryRupert of the Palatinate
(Ruprecht von der Pfalz)		Wittelsbach21 August 1400—18 May 1410Great-grandnephew of Louis IV
Sigismund
(Sigismund)		Luxembourg10 September 1410
/21 July 1411		3 May 14339 December 1437Son of Charles IV
Non-contemporaryJobst of Moravia
(Jobst von Mähren)		Luxembourg1 October 1410—8 January 1411Nephew of Charles IV; rival king to Sigismund

Habsburg dynasty

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Main article:House of Habsburg
ImageCoat of armsNameKingEmperorEndedNotes
Non-contemporaryAlbert II
(Albrecht II.)		17 March 1438[16]—27 October 14394th in descent from Albert I;
son-in-law of Sigismund
Frederick III
(Friedrich III.)		2 February 144016 March 145219 August 14934th in descent from Albert I; 2nd cousin of Albert II
Maximilian I
(Maximilian I.)		16 February 14864 February 150812 January 1519Son of Frederick III; King of Germany under his father, 1486–1493; assumed the title "Elected Emperor" in 1508 with the pope's approval
Charles V
(Karl V.)		28 June 151928 June 15193 August 1556Grandson of Maximilian I; died 21 September 1558. Last Emperor to receive the imperial coronation from the Pope.
Ferdinand I
(Ferdinand I.)		5 January 153127 August 155625 July 1564Grandson of Maximilian I; brother of Charles V; King of Germany under his brother Charles V 1531–1556; last king to be crowned inAachen Cathedral. Emperor
Maximilian II
(Maximilian II.)		22 November 156225 July 156412 October 1576Son of Ferdinand I;
King of Germany under his father 1562–1564
Rudolf II
(Rudolf II.)		27 October 157512 October 157620 January 1612Son of Maximilian II;
King of Germany under his father, 1575–1576
Matthias
(Matthias)		13 June 161213 June 161220 March 1619Son of Maximilian II
Ferdinand II
(Ferdinand II.)		28 August 161928 August 161915 February 1637Grandson of Ferdinand I
Ferdinand III
(Ferdinand III.)		22 December 163615 February 16372 April 1657Son of Ferdinand II;
King of Germany under his father 1636–1637
Ferdinand IV
(Ferdinand IV.)		31 May 1653—9 July 1654Son of Ferdinand III;
King of Germany under his father
Leopold I
(Leopold I.)		18 July 165818 July 16585 May 1705Son of Ferdinand III
Joseph I
(Josef I.)		23 January 16905 May 170517 April 1711Son of Leopold I; King of Germany under his father 1690–1705
Charles VI
(Karl VI.)		12 October 171112 October 171120 October 1740Son of Leopold I
Charles VII
(Karl VII.)		24 January 174224 January 174220 January 1745Member of theHouse of Wittelsbach. Great-great-grandson of Ferdinand II; Husband ofMaria Amalia, daughter of Joseph I
Francis I
(Franz I.)		13 September 174513 September 174518 August 1765Husband of Maria Theresa I
Joseph II
(Joseph II.)		27 March 176418 August 176520 February 1790Son of Maria Theresa I and Francis I; King of Germany under his mother and father 1764–1765
Leopold II
(Leopold II.)		30 September 179030 September 17901 March 1792Son of Maria Theresa I and Francis I
Francis II
(Franz II.)		5 July 17925 July 17926 August 1806Son of Leopold II; Dissolved the Holy Roman Empire; alsoEmperor of Austria 1804–1835; President of the German Confederation (1815-1835), died 1835

Modern Germany (1806–1918)

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Confederation of the Rhine (1806–1813)

[edit]
NamePortraitTitleHouseBeganEnded
Napoleon I
Emperor of the French
King of Italy		Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine
Bonaparte		12 July 180619 October 1813
Karl Theodor von Dalberg,
Prince-Archbishop ofRegensburg
Grand Duke ofFrankfurt		Prince-primate of the
Confederation of the Rhine
Dalberg		25 July 180626 October 1813
Eugène de Beauharnais,
Grand Duke ofFrankfurt		Prince-primate of the
Confederation of the Rhine
Beauharnais		26 October 1813December
1813

German Confederation (1815–1866)

[edit]
NamePortraitTitleHouseBeganEnded
Francis I,
Emperor of Austria
(Franz I., Kaiser von Österreich)		Head of the presiding power

(Präsidialmacht) Austria[17]


Habsburg-Lorraine		20 June 18152 March 1835
Ferdinand I,
Emperor of Austria
(Ferdinand I., Kaiser von Österreich)		Head of the presiding power
(Präsidialmacht) Austria[17]
Habsburg-Lorraine		2 March 183512 July 1848
Archduke John of Austria
(Erzherzog Johann von Österreich)		Regent(Reichsverweser)
of therevolutionary German Empire[18]
Habsburg-Lorraine		12 July 184820 December 1849
Frederick William IV,
King of Prussia
(Friedrich Wilhelm IV., König von Preußen)		Emperor of the Germans elect[19]
Hohenzollern		28 March 184928 April 1849
Presidium of the Union
(Unionsvorstand) of theErfurt Union[20]		26 May 184929 November 1850
Francis Joseph I,
Emperor of Austria
(Franz Joseph I., Kaiser von Österreich)		Head of the presiding power
(Präsidialmacht) Austria
Habsburg-Lorraine		1 May 185024 August 1866

North German Confederation (1867–1871)

[edit]
NamePortraitTitleHouseBeganEnded
Wilhelm I,
King of Prussia
(Wilhelm I, König von Preußen)
Holder of theBundespräsidium of the
North German Confederation
Hohenzollern		1 July 18671 January 1871[21]

German Empire (1871–1918)

[edit]
NamePortraitHouseBeganEnded
Wilhelm I
Wilhelm Friedrich Ludwig

Hohenzollern		1 January 1871[21]9 March 1888
Friedrich III
Friedrich Wilhelm Nikolaus Karl

Hohenzollern		9 March 188815 June 1888
Wilhelm II
Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albert

Hohenzollern		15 June 188828 November 1918[22]

Note on titles

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  1. The Kingdom of Germany started out as the eastern section of theFrankish kingdom, which was split by theTreaty of Verdun in 843. The rulers of the eastern area thus called themselvesrexFrancorum ("king of the Franks"),rex Francorum orientalium ("king of the East Franks"), and later justrex. A reference to the "Germans", indicating the emergence of a German nation of some sort, did not appear until the late eleventh century, when the pope began to refer to his enemyHenry IV asrex teutonicorum, king of theGermans, in order to brand him as a foreigner. The kings reacted by consistently using the titlerex Romanorum,king of the Romans, to emphasize their universal rule even before becoming emperor. This title remained until the end of the Empire in 1806, though after 1508 emperors-elect added "king in Germany" to their titles. (Note: in this and related entries, the kings are calledkings of Germany, for clarity's sake)
  2. TheKingdom of Germany was never entirely hereditary; rather, ancestry was only one of the factors that determined the succession of kings. During the 10th to 13th centuries, the king was formally elected by the leading nobility in the realm, continuing the Frankish tradition. Gradually the election became the privilege of a group of princes calledelectors, and theGolden Bull of 1356 formally defined election proceedings.[23]
  3. In the Middle Ages, the king did not assume the title "emperor" (from 982 the full title wasImperator Augustus Romanorum, Venerable Emperor of the Romans) until crowned by the pope. Moving to Italy, he was usually first crowned with theIron Crown of Lombardy, after which he assumed the title ofrex Italiae,king of Italy. After this, he would ride on to Rome and becrowned emperor by the pope.
  4. Maximilian I was the first king to bear the title of emperor-elect. After his march to Rome for his Imperial coronation failed in 1508, he had himself proclaimed emperor-elect with papal consent.[24] His successorCharles V also assumed that title after his coronation in 1520 until he was crowned emperor by the pope in 1530. FromFerdinand I onwards, all emperors did not get crowned by the Pope anymore. At the same time, chosen successors of the emperors held the title of king of the Romans, if elected by the college of electors during their predecessor's lifetime.

Emperors are listed inbold. Rival kings, anti-kings, and junior co-regents areitalicized.

Notes

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  1. ^He was crowned inAachen Cathedral by theArchbishop of Cologne in 1257, campaigned in the Rhineland with his German allies to liberate the elector of Cologne, organised theDiet of Worms of 1269 and married in the same year inKaiserslautern withBeatrice of Falkenburg, but only resided in Germany in 1257, 1258, 1260, 1262, 1263, 1268 and 1269. He remained in England during theSecond Barons' War in support of his brother and spent a period during the years 1264 and 1265 in the captivity of the English barons. The remainder of his reign he resided in England.

See also

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Footnotes

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  1. ^The depiction on Louis the German's seal is of Roman emperor Hadrian, not himself.
  1. ^His fatherLouis the Pious is bothLouis I of France andLouis I of Germany.
  2. ^"Ludwig der Deutsche".Neue Deutsche Biographie.
  3. ^"Karlman".Neue Deutsche Biographie.
  4. ^"Louis III".Encyclopaedia Britannica. 22 March 2024.
  5. ^Enumerated after EmperorCharles the Great (Charlemagne) andCharles II the Bald.
  6. ^"Karl III".Neue Deutsche Biographie.
  7. ^"Arnulf".Neue Deutsche Biographie.
  8. ^"Arnulf".Encyclopaedia Britannica.
  9. ^"Ludwing das Kind".Neue Deutsche Biographie.
  10. ^"Louis IV".Encyclopaedia Britannica. 22 March 2024.
  11. ^"Konrad I."Neue Deutsche Biographie.
  12. ^Böhmer, Johann Friedrich. (1893).Die Regesten des Kaiserreichs unter den Herrschern aus dem Sæchsischen Hause, 919-1024. p. 4. "Der wahltag ist nicht überliefert... er fallt vielmehr zwischen 12. und 24. mai 919". [The day of the election is not recorded... but it falls between 12 and 24 May 919]
  13. ^abcdMedieval Europeans: studies in ethnic identity and national perspectives in medieval Europe By Alfred P. Smyth, Palgrave Macmillan (1998), p. 64
  14. ^Kamp, N (1995)."Federico II di Svevia, imperatore, re di Sicilia e di Gerusalemme, re dei Romani".Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (in Italian). Vol. 45. Treccani. Retrieved26 May 2019.
  15. ^Abulafia, David; McKitterick, Rosamond, eds. (1999).The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 5, C.1198-c.1300.Cambridge University Press. p. 395.ISBN 9780521362894. Retrieved4 February 2025.Once again a league of prominent episcopal and imperial towns wished to acknowledge only a unanimously chosen king, and sent delegates to the electors' meeting in Frankfurt. On 1 October 1273 all the electors except the absent Ottokar of Bohemia voted for Rudolf, count of Habsburg.
  16. ^Decaluwé, Michiel; Izbicki, Thomas M.; Christianson, Gerald, eds. (November 2016).A Companion to the Council of Basel.Brill. p. 28.ISBN 9789004222649. Retrieved3 February 2025.
  17. ^abErnst Rudolf Huber:Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789. Vol. I:Reform und Restauration 1789 bis 1830. 2nd edition,Kohlhammer Verlag,Stuttgart [et.al.] 1967, p. 589.
  18. ^Ernst Rudolf Huber:Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789. Vol. I:Reform und Restauration 1789 bis 1830. 2nd edition,Kohlhammer Verlag, Stuttgart [et.al.] 1967, pp. 625–627, 808.
  19. ^ElectedEmperor of the Germans by theFrankfurt National Assembly on 28 March 1849, but refused the crown on 28 April 1849. Manfred Botzenhart:Deutscher Parlamentarismus in der Revolutionszeit 1848–1850. Droste Verlag, Düsseldorf 1977, pp. 697/698.
  20. ^Anlage II: Additional-Akte zu dem Entwurf der Verfassung des Deutschen Reichs. In: Thüringer Landtag Erfurt (ed.):150 Jahre Erfurter Unionsparlament (1850–2000) (= Schriften zur Geschichte des Parlamentarismus in Thüringen. H. 15) Wartburg Verlag, Weimar 2000,ISBN 3-86160-515-5, S. 27–44, here pp. 185–187.
  21. ^abErnst Rudolf Huber: Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789. Band III: Bismarck und das Reich. 3. Auflage,Kohlhammer Verlag, Stuttgart 1988, S. 750/751.
  22. ^His abdication was announced by the Chancellor on 9 November, and the Emperor went into exile in the Netherlands. He did not formally abdicate until 28 November.
  23. ^Germany - Britannica Educational Publishing
  24. ^Terjanian, Pierre, ed. (2 October 2019).The Last Knight: The Art, Armor, and Ambition of Maximilian I. Metropolitan Museum of Art.ISBN 978-1-58839-674-7. Retrieved5 March 2022.

External links

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