Kinesics is the interpretation of body communication such asfacial expressions andgestures, nonverbal behavior related to movement of any part of the body or the body as a whole. The equivalent popular culture term isbody language, a termRay Birdwhistell, considered the founder of this area of study,[1] neither used nor liked (on the grounds that what can be conveyed with the body does not meet the linguist's definition of language).
Kinesics was first used in 1952 by ananthropologist namedRay Birdwhistell. Birdwhistell wished to study how people communicate through posture, gesture, stance and movement.[2] His ideas over several decades were synthesized and resulted in the bookKinesics and Context.[3] Interest in kinesics specifically and nonverbal behaviour generally was popularized in the late 1960s and early 1970s by such popular mass-market (nonacademic) publications asHow to Read a Person Like a Book.[4] Part of Birdwhistell's work involved filming people in social situations and analyzing them to show elements of communication that were not seen otherwise. One of his most important projects wasThe Natural History of an Interview, a long-term interdisciplinary collaboration includingGregory Bateson,Frieda Fromm-Reichmann, Norman A. McQuown, Henry W. Brosin and others.[5]
Drawing heavily ondescriptive linguistics, Birdwhistell argued that all movements of the body have meaning and that nonverbal behaviour has agrammar that can be analyzed in similar terms to spoken language. Thus, a "kineme" is "similar to aphoneme because it consists of a group of movements which are not identical, but which may be used interchangeably without affecting social meaning."[6]
Birdwhistell estimated that no more than 30 to 35 percent of the social meaning of a conversation or an interaction is carried by the words.[7] He also concluded that there were no universals in these kinesic displays, a claim that was disputed byPaul Ekman, who was interested in analysis of universals, especially infacial expression.[8]
In a current application, kinesic behavior is sometimes used as signs ofdeception by interviewers looking for clusters of movements to determine the veracity of the statement being uttered, although kinesics can be equally applied in any context and type of setting to construe innocuous messages whose carriers are indolent or unable to express verbally.
Relevant concepts[9] include:
Kinesic behaviors are an important part ofnonverbal communication. Body movements convey information, but interpretations vary by culture. As many movements are carried out at a subconscious or at least a low-awareness level, kinesic movements carry a significant risk of being misinterpreted in an intercultural communication situation.
