 A digital reconstruction of the late occupation phase of the site circa 1300 CE | |
  Kincaid Mounds Location within Illinois today | |
| Location | Brookport, Illinois, |
|---|---|
| Region | Southern Illinois |
| Coordinates | 37°4′50″N88°29′30″W / 37.08056°N 88.49167°W /37.08056; -88.49167 |
| History | |
| Cultures | Middle Mississippian culture |
| Site notes | |
| Archaeologists | Fay-Cooper Cole,Richard MacNeish |
| Architecture | |
| Architectural styles | platform mounds |
| Architectural details | Number of monuments: 19 |
Kincaid Site | |
| NRHP reference No. | 66000326 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | October 15, 1966[1] |
| Designated NHL | July 19, 1964[2] |
TheKincaid Mounds Historic Site (11MX2-11; 11PO2-10)[3] c. 1050–1400 CE,[4] is aMississippian culturearchaeological site located at the southern tip of present-dayU.S. state ofIllinois, along theOhio River. Kincaid Mounds has been notable for both its significant role in nativeNorth American prehistory and for the central role the site has played in the development of modernarchaeological techniques. The site had at least 11 substructureplatform mounds (it ranks fifth among known sites of this period for the number of such structures), and 8 other monuments.
Artifacts from the settlement link its major habitation and the construction of the mounds to theMississippian culture period. It is 140 miles fromCahokia, the major center of Mississippian culture in North America. The Kincaid site was also occupied earlier by indigenous peoples of theLate Woodland period. The site was declared aNational Historic Landmark in 1964 for its significance as a majorNative Americanmound center and prehistoric trading center along theOhio River.[2]
Built in the floodplain adjacent to theOhio River, the site straddles modern-dayMassac andPope counties in deep southern Illinois. This area is colloquially known asLittle Egypt. The Kincaid site was the subject of major excavations bythe University of Chicago from 1934–1941, during which a number ofanthropologists andarchaeologists who later had notable careers were trained under the direction ofFay-Cooper Cole; they includedRichard MacNeish, discoverer of the origins ofmaize.[5] Since 2003 investigation of the site with new technology and excavations by teams fromSouthern Illinois University have yielded significant new data, including identification of another mound.
TheIllinois Historic Preservation Agency owns and operates[4] an area including several mounds in Massac County related to the Kincaid site. This includes the majority of the estimated 141-acre (0.57 km2) area contained within a woodenpalisade, as well as an undefined area of additional occupation to the west.[6] The Pope County portion of the site is privately owned.[4]
When the University of Chicago excavated Kincaid in the 1930s and 1940s, their team identified nine mounds on the site's Massac County portion. In 2003, a tenth mound was identified. It is a small mound that was later covered with amidden, and it lies along the current road near the county line on the southeastern corner of the town plaza. Chicago archaeologists had excavated around this mound, but they chose to exclude it from their list of possible mounds due to a lack of clarity about its identity. Identification of this portion of the site as an artificialearthwork came afterSouthern Illinois University returned to the site in 2003 to re-excavate the hills that were thought to be possible mounds.[7]: 138
The Chicago excavators in the 1930s documented a prehistory in the Kincaid area stretching back thousands of years, into what is now known as theArchaic Period (8000 to 2000 BCE). The Chicago crew recognized this period as theFaulkner Component, which was described as a pre-pottery culture. Except for the lack of pottery, archeologically the evidence showed that it was otherwise very like the subsequent cultures of theEarly Woodland, such as theAdena culture (1000 to 200 BCE).
Teams documented more intensive occupation in the ensuing Early Woodland andMiddle Woodland periods. It was similar to the contemporaneous Adena andHopewell cultures that began during this time period throughout eastern North America. This involved a moresedentary lifestyle and a semi-agricultural culture characterized by the use oflimestone-tempered ceramics and the presence of semi-permanent housing. The extensive occupation is chronologically classified as theBaumer phase (a local variation of theCrab Orchard culture).[8] The Baumer-phase occupants of Kincaid used noHavana Hopewell culture motifs when decorating their pottery, as did other Crab Orchard peoples, but used cord and fabric marking. They also preferred more limestone andgrog tempering in their clay paste.[9] Excavations prior to construction of an informational kiosk and viewing platform in 2003 revealed six Baumer-phase pit features dating to 250 BCE to 1 CE. One of the pits contained the intentionally buried remains of a smalldomestic dog, a rare find for the area.[8]
Occupation continued into theLate Woodland period. This period is known as the Lewis culture.
But, the most notable occupation at Kincaid was during the period of theMississippian culture, which developed from the local Lewis community about 1050 CE. Kincaid was a near neighbor ofCahokia, only 140 miles (230 km) away, and is thought to have been influenced by its development as the major site in North America of Mississippian culture. The people at Kincaid built at least 19earthwork mounds during this period, mostly the characteristic Mississippianplatform mounds. Since 2003 teams from Southern Illinois University have been conducting more intensive research at the site.[10]
A large centralplaza, constructed by filling and leveling, was created at the center of the community; it is surrounded by the major mounds, one of which is almost 500 feet (150 m) long. Although none of Kincaid's earthworks rivals the size ofMonks Mound at Cahokia, the largest is very big by Mississippian standards and ranks 12th in size among all known Mississippian mounds. The overall site ranks 5th in size among the Mississippian sites, in terms of the number of mounds constructed at the site.[11] The remaining platform mounds' heights range from 8 feet (2.4 m) to 30 feet (9.1 m).[12]
Remains of large buildings atop the main mounds seemed to indicate temples or council houses. Carved figurines incoal andfluorite seemed to characterize the localiconography, with images showing connections to theSoutheastern Ceremonial Complex (SECC). Trade forchert resources appeared to extend intoMissouri,Tennessee, and other parts of Illinois. Several examples ofMill Creek chert, which came from quarries very near by, were found at the site.Mississippian culture pottery painted with a negative resist are also characteristic of the site.[13]
In the 1930s, the Chicago team excavated a majorburial mound, Pope Mound 2, yielding further evidence for hierarchical social structures and Kincaid's status as achiefdom. The mound contained a number ofstone box graves and log-lined tombs, similar to those frequently found to the south in the Middle Cumberland Valley of Tennessee.[13]
Mississippian culture occupation at the site appears to have ended by 1400–1450 CE. No documented occupation of the site by historicNative American tribes exists. The site was evidently abandoned, perhaps because of exhaustion of timber and game resources. It remained uninhabited for three centuries, until the arrival of American settlers. Most of these settlers arrived more than 400 years after the site was abandoned.
In the lower Ohio River valley in Illinois, Kentucky, and Indiana, the Mississippian-culture towns of Kincaid,Wickliffe,Tolu, andAngel Mounds have been grouped together into a "Kincaid focus" set, due to similarities in pottery assemblages and site plans. Most striking are the comparisons between the Kincaid and Angel sites, which include analogous site plans, stylistic similarities in artifacts, and geographic closeness. These connections have led some experts to hypothesize that the builders and residents were of the same society.[14] The 300–400 year span in which these types of artifacts and sites are found is called the "Angel phase". It is divided into three subphases:
| Subphases | Dates |
|---|---|
| Jonathan Creek | 1000–1100/1200 |
| Angelly | 1200–1300 |
| Tinsley Hill | 1300–1450 |
Rare painted and incised sherds of Mississippian-culture pottery have been found at all four sites, ranging from less than one percent near Kincaid to about three or four percent of the assemblage at Wickliffe. Some common pottery styles found in these sites include:Angel Negative Painted,Kincaid Negative Painted, andMatthews Incised. This pottery is shell tempered and ranges from the smoothed surface and coarser temper of Mississippi Ware to the more polished surface and finer temper of Bell Ware.[14]
| Middle Mississippian |
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| South Appalachian Mississippian |
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| Fort Walton culture | |||||||||||
| Pensacola culture | |||||||||||
| Plaquemine Mississippian | |||||||||||
| Caddoan Mississippian | |||||||||||
| Upper Mississippian cultures |
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| Culture |
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