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Kilo-class submarine

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Diesel electric submarine class
"Kilo Class" redirects here. For the novel by Patrick Robinson, seeKilo Class (novel).

RussianBlack Sea Fleet Improved Kilo–class submarineB-265 Krasnodar in 2015
Class overview
Builders
OperatorsSeeOperators
Preceded byTango class
Succeeded byLada class
SubclassesSindhughosh class
Built1980–present
In service1980–present
In commissionDecember 1980–present
Completed75
Active56
Lost1
Retired17
Preserved1
General characteristics
TypeAttack submarine
Displacement
  • Surfaced: 2,325 (Project 877) – 2,350 (Project 636.3) tons
  • Submerged: 3,075 tons full load (Project 877); 3,950 tons full load (Project 636.3)[1][2]
Length72.6 m (238 ft 2 in) (Project 877); 73.8 m (242 ft 2 in) (Project 636.3)
Beam9.9 m (32 ft 6 in)
Draft6.2 m (20 ft 4 in)
Installed powerDiesel-electric
Propulsion
  • Diesel-electric propulsion
  • 2 × 1000 kW dieselgenerators
  • 1 × 5,500–6,800 shp (4,100–5,100 kW) propulsion motor
  • 1 × fixed-pitch 6-bladed (Project 877) or 7-bladed (Project 636)propeller
Speed
  • Surfaced: 17 knots (31 km/h; 20 mph)
  • Submerged: 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph)
Range
  • With snorkel: 6,000–7,500 nmi (11,100–13,900 km; 6,900–8,600 mi) at 7 kn (13 km/h; 8.1 mph)
  • Submerged: 400 nmi (740 km; 460 mi) at 3 kn (5.6 km/h; 3.5 mph)
  • Full run: 12.7 nmi (23.5 km; 14.6 mi) at 21 kn (39 km/h; 24 mph)
Endurance45 days
Test depth
  • Operational: 240 m (790 ft)
  • Maximum: 300 m (980 ft)
Complement52
Armament
Russian Project 877 in the English Channel in 2018
A Russian Kilo-class submarine underway on the surface

TheKilo-class submarines are a group ofdiesel-electricattack submarines designed by theRubin Design Bureau[1][3][4] in theSoviet Union in the 1970s and built originally for theSoviet Navy. Since it was introduced, more than 70 Kilo class boats have been built, and around 60 were in active service as of 2023, not only in Russia but also in Algeria, Vietnam, India, Iran, Myanmar, and Poland.[5]

The first version had the Soviet designationProject 877Paltus (Russian:Па́лтус, meaning "halibut"),NATO reporting nameKilo.[6] They entered operational service in 1980 and continued being built until the mid-1990s, when production switched to the more advancedProject 636Varshavyanka variant, also known inthe West as theImproved Kilo class.[7][8][9] The design was updated again by the Russian Navy in the mid-2010s, to a variant calledProject 636.3, also known asImproved Kilo II.[6] Due to the delays and other problems with the successorLada-classsubmarine, the Improved Kilo II has been built in larger numbers, with several more units under construction as of 2023.[5]

Role

[edit]

The Project 877 attack submarines were mainly intended foranti-shipping andanti-submarine operations in relatively shallow waters. Original Project 877 boats are equipped with Rubikon MGK-400 sonar system (withNATO reporting name Shark Gill), which includes a mine detection and avoidance sonar MG-519 Arfa (with NATO reporting name Mouse Roar).

Newer Project 636 boats are equipped with improved MGK-400EM, with MG-519 Arfa also upgraded to MG-519EM. MGK 400E can detect submarines with 0.05 Pa/Hz noisiness in 16 km (9.9 mi) and surface vessels with 10 Pa/Hz noisiness in 100 km (62 mi).[10] The improved sonar systems have reduced the number of operators needed by sharing the same console via automation.

Anechoic tiles are fitted on casings and fins to absorb the sound waves of active sonar, which results in a reduction and distortion of the return signal.[11] These tiles also help attenuate sounds that are emitted from the submarine, thus reducing the range at which the submarine may be detected bypassive sonar.[12]

Project 636 and 636.3 submarines can launchKalibr (and their Club export version) cruise missiles. It was reported in September 2022 that they can carry four Kalibr missiles, and can launch them through two of their six torpedo tubes.[13]

History

[edit]

Kilo-class attack submarines began entering service with theSoviet Navy from 12 September 1980. They were originally intended for theWarsaw Pact nations, which is why their Russian nickname isVarshavyanka (woman from Warsaw). Among the first to be built, 13 were from theKrasnoye Sormovo Factory No. 112 inNizhny Novgorod, and nine were fromAmur Shipbuilding Plant inKomsomolsk-on-Amur. After thedissolution of the Soviet Union, another two Project 877 submarines were built for theRussian Navy in the 1990s. The Krasnoye Sormovo facility partnered withAdmiralty Shipyards inSaint Petersburg to built 21 boats for foreign buyers (as of 2001), which included China, India, Algeria, Iran, Poland, and Romania, for a total of 45 units. Modified units for export were designated Project 877E, and those made for tropical waters were Project 877EKM. Another variant, Project 636 (NATO: Improved Kilo), was quieter, faster, and had better detection capabilities. Initially intended for Soviet use, it was made available for export in 1993.[14]

A single Project 877 submarine,B-871Alrosa, is equipped withpump-jet propulsion, instead of apropeller.[15] It has been retrofitted for the Kalibr missile.[16] Its modification was started in 1990 and was not completed until 2000. When it returned to service, it was the only operational submarine in the Black Sea Fleet at the time.[14]

It was planned for the Improved Kilo-class (Project 636) to be succeeded by theLada class (Project 677) inRussian Navy service. On 26 December 1997, two boats, one for Russia and one intended for India, were laid down.[14] However, by November 2011 it was apparent that the Lada class would be delayed becauseSankt Peterburg, the lead boat of the class, had shown major deficiencies. On 27 July 2012, the Russian Navy commander-in-chief announced that construction of the Lada-class submarines would resume, having undergone design changes.[citation needed] Series production was reported to be underway in the latter 2010s.[17][needs update]

The Russian Navy also moved forward with the construction of Project 636.3, also known as Improved Kilo II, the result of further modifications.[5] The class "is slightly longer in length — the sub's submerged displacement is around 4,000 tons — and features improved engines, an improved combat system, as well as new noise reduction technology; it can fire both torpedoes andcruise missiles, launched from one of six 533-millimeter torpedo tubes."[1] The class has a seven-bladed propeller, instead of the six-bladed propeller of the Project 877 class.[16] In 2010 construction began on the first unit of the Improved Kilo II,Novorossiysk, which was part of a batch of six submarines built for theBlack Sea Fleet. The last of this group was delivered in 2016. Another six were ordered for thePacific Fleet, with the first entering service in 2019,[5][4]Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.[18] The last of these was scheduled to be delivered in 2025.[19]

In June 2022, an unconfirmed report from within Russia's defense industry suggested that a further tranche of six additional Project 636.3 vessels might be ordered to start construction in around 2024.[5][20] That year the first boat for theNorthern Fleet was laid down,Mariupol, with all six of them to be named after cities inRussian-annexed parts of Ukraine.[21]

Specifications

[edit]
This sectionis inlist format but may read better asprose. You can help byconverting this section, if appropriate.Editing help is available.(November 2024)
Schematic drawing of Kilo-class submarine

There are several variants of the Kilo class. The information below is the smallest and largest number from the available information for all three main variants of the boat.[22]

  • Displacement:
    • 2,300–2,350 tons surfaced
    • 3,000–4,000 tons submerged
  • Dimensions:
    • Length: 70–74 meters
    • Beam: 9.9 meters
    • Draft: 6.2–6.5 meters
  • Maximum speed
    • 10–12 knots surfaced (18–22 km/h)
    • 17–25 knots submerged (31–46 km/h)
  • Propulsion: Diesel-electric 5,900 shp (4,400 kW)
  • Maximum depth: 300 meters (240–250 meters operational)
  • Endurance
    • 400 nautical miles (700 km) at 3 knots (6 km/h) submerged
    • 6,000 nautical miles (11,000 km) at 7 knots (13 km/h) snorkeling (7,500 miles for the Improved Kilo class)
    • 45 days sea endurance
  • Armament
  • Crew: 52
  • Price per unit is US$200–250 million (China paid about US$1.5–2 billion for 8 Project 636 Kilo-class submarines)[when?][citation needed]

Operational history

[edit]

At the beginning of 2014, the Chinese PLA Navy held an emergency combat readiness test.[23] The Kilo-class submarineYuanzheng 72, deployed on a combat readiness voyage encountered a "cliff" caused by a sudden change in seawater density. Because the seawater density suddenly decreased, the submarine lost its buoyancy and rapidly descended. The pressure on the submarine increased sharply, and the main engine room pipeline was damaged, and water entered. The vessel lost power due to a large amount of water entering the main engine room. The crew reacted quickly, and the submarine resurfaced in three minutes, avoiding a disastrous descent to theseabed, which was more than 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) deep. The voyage was notable for creating many firsts for PLAN's submarine service.[24][25]

In 2015, five Kilo-class submarines were deployed to theRussian naval facility in Tartus, Syria. At least two of the units reportedly attacked land targets inside Syria with 3M54 Kalibr cruise missiles (NATO designation: SS-N-27A "Sizzler").[4] 8 December 2015 marked the first time a Kilo-class submarine fired cruise missiles against an enemy.Rostov-na-Donu struck two targets near theISIS capital ofRaqqa by the missile attack.[26] TheB-237 Rostov-on-Don transited theDardanelles on its way back to theBlack Sea on 12 February 2022.[27]

B-871 Alrosa, a pump-jet Kilo class, which derives from the Project 877 hull, participated in theRusso-Ukraine War.

Since the start of theRussian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the Kilo class submarines of the Black Sea Fleet have participated in the conflict, firing Kalibr cruise missiles into Ukraine.[5] After the sinking of theRussian cruiser Moskva in April 2022, it was remarked that the Kilo-class subs were the only members of the Black Sea Fleet whose orders did not prohibit venturing into Ukrainian waters nearOdesa during theRussian invasion of Ukraine.[28] In September 2022, after the early2022 Crimea attacks, the UKMinistry of Defence said that the Kilo-class submarines were moved from Sevastopol to thePort of Novorossiysk inKrasnodar Krai.[29][13]

On 13 September 2023,B-237 Rostov-on-Don was severely damaged by a UkrainianStorm Shadow missile strike while it was drydocked in Sevastopol.[30][31][32]According to satellite images taken in June 2024, the submarine was moved to a lesser used dry dock within the port (at coordinates 44.609975029014116, 33.537496816089906). Camouflage nets were, at least initially, thrown up to disguise its presence and to make observation more challenging. According to reports, the submarine is under repair.[33]

On 2 August 2024, Ukrainian Forces launched a strike against a Russian submarine and anS-400 air defense system inCrimea. Ukrainian sources claimed that the submarineB-237 Rostov-on-Don was "sunk on the spot" in the attack.[34][35][36][37][38] Other sources claim that the submarine was only hit and not sunk.[39] Satellite images showed the that camouflage nets were burned out by the strike.[40]

In September 2025, the Project 636.3 boat,Novorossiysk (B-261), reportedly suffered serious damage as the result of a fuel system malfunction while operating in the Mediterranean.[41]

December 2025 explosion in the Port of Novorossiysk

In December 2025, theSecurity Service of Ukraine published a video showing an explosion near an unnamed Kilo-class submarine in thePort of Novorossiysk, claiming that the submarine was struck by a "Sub Sea Baby" drone.[42] Satellite imagery published after the attack showed that the drone struck a pier 20 meters off the stern. Russia claimed that the attack didn't damage the vessel. Other sources say that it is unclear if the attack damaged the submarine.[43][44][45] The UKMinistry of Defence considered it highly likely that the attacked submarine was theB-271 Kolpino, noted that as of 18 December 2025[update] the submarine was docked where it was attacked and considered it likely that the attack had significantly damaged the submarine, leaving it unable to deploy or sail of its own accord.[46]

Operators

[edit]

The first submarine entered service in theSoviet Navy in 1980, and the class remains in use with the Russian Navy today; around 5 original Kilo-class vessels believed to still be in active service with the Russian Navy (as of 2025), while new Improved Kilo–class subs are being delivered through the 2020s to replace them. About forty vessels have been exported to several countries:

Possible purchasers

[edit]

The government of Venezuela expressed interest since 2005 in acquiring nine AIP-powered conventional submarines, either the German U214 or later the Amur 1650. There was a Russian counteroffer due to technical issues at the shipyards back then, for five Project 636 Kilo-class and four Amur 1650, but it hasn't gone through yet.[69]

In 2017, thePhilippine Navy showed interest in the Kilo-class submarine as part of its modernization program. Defense SecretaryDelfin Lorenzana said the country was evaluating a Russian offer.[70]

Failed bids

[edit]

TheIndonesian Navy was interested in purchasing two used Kilo-class submarines, but theChief of Staff of the Indonesian NavyLaksamanaMarsetio cancelled the plans in 2014 after inspecting the two submarines in Russia with an Indonesian Navy team. He said, "The submarines look good on the outside, but the inside is filled with broken equipment, and the two submarines have been in storage for two years." Indonesia instead bought sixImprovedJang Bogo-class submarines, later known asNagapasa-class submarine, including a transfer of technology, where Indonesia will eventually build four of six of the submarines with South Korea.[71]

Gallery

[edit]
  • The Polish Kilo-class submarine ORP Orzeł, 26 June 2011
    ThePolish Kilo-class submarineORP Orzeł, 26 June 2011
  • Russian Kilo-class submarines in Polyarny, Murmansk Oblast
    Russian Kilo-class submarines inPolyarny, Murmansk Oblast
  • An Algerian Kilo-class submarine
    AnAlgerian Kilo-class submarine
  • A Chinese Kilo-class submarine being delivered from Russia as deck cargo in 1995.
    A Chinese Kilo-class submarine being delivered from Russia as deck cargo in 1995.
  • ORP Orzeł, the control room of an 877E-class submarine
    ORPOrzeł, the control room of an 877E-class submarine
  • The Iranian Kilo-class submarine Yunes, during delivery in 1995.
    The Iranian Kilo-class submarineYunes, during delivery in 1995.
  • Indian Kilo-class submarine, INS Sindhughosh
    Indian Kilo-class submarine, INSSindhughosh
  • Diesel submarine Kilo-class Kaluga returns from a long voyage
    Diesel submarine Kilo-classKaluga returns from a long voyage
  • Russian Improved Kilo-class submarine Ufa during the Russian Navy Day parade in 2023.
    Russian Improved Kilo-class submarineUfa during the Russian Navy Day parade in 2023.

List of submarines

[edit]

Project 877

[edit]
Operator#NameShipyardProjectLaid downLaunchedCommissionedFleetStatus
 RussiaB-248N/aKomsomolsk-on-Amur87716 Mar 198012 Sep 198031 Dec 1980Decommissioned 2001
 RussiaB-260ChitaKomsomolsk-on-Amur87722 Feb 198123 Aug 198130 Dec 1981PFDecommissioned 2013, sank partially on way to scrap in 2019
 RussiaB-227VyborgKomsomolsk-on-Amur87723 Feb 198216 Sep 198223 Feb 1983BFDecommissioned 2018 (exhibit of the Patriot park in Kronstadt)
 RussiaB-229N/aKomsomolsk-on-Amur87723 Feb 198315 Jul 198330 Oct 1983Decommissioned 2002
 RussiaB-404N/aKomsomolsk-on-Amur8777 May 198324 Sep 198330 Dec 1983Decommissioned 2002
 RussiaB-401NovosibirskNizhniy Novgorod8776 Oct 198215 Mar 198430 Sep 1984NFDecommissioned 2012
 RussiaB-402VologdaNizhniy Novgorod87724 Aug 198329 Sep 198430 Dec 1984NFDecommissioned 2016
 RussiaB-405(ex Tyumenskiy Komsomolets)Komsomolsk-on-Amur87720 Apr 198421 Sep 198430 Dec 1984Decommissioned 2002
 Poland291 (ex-B-351)OrzełNizhniy Novgorod877E29 Sep 19847 Jun 198529 Apr 1986Active as of 2010[update]
 Romania581 (ex-B-801)DelfinulNizhniy Novgorod877E19841985Aug 1985Unknown (in reserve since 1995)
 IndiaS55SindhughoshSaint Petersburg877EKM29 May 198329 Jul 198525 Nov 1985Decomissioned 2025
 RussiaB-470N/aKomsomolsk-on-Amur8776 May 198527 Aug 198530 Dec 1985Decommissioned 2005
 RussiaB-806DmitrovNizhniy Novgorod877EKM
[citation needed]		15 Oct 198430 Apr 198625 Sep 1986BFActive as of 2025[update][72]
 IndiaS56SindhudhvajSaint Petersburg877EKM1 Apr 198627 Jul 198625 Nov 1986Decommissioned on 16 Jul 2022.[73]
 Algeria012Rais Hadj MubarekNizhniy Novgorod877EKM1985198629 Nov 1986Upgraded in 2010, able to launchKalibr/Club missiles
 RussiaB-439N/aKomsomolsk-on-Amur8774 Apr 198631 Jul 198630 Dec 1986Decommissioned 2005
 IndiaS57SindhurajNizhniy Novgorod877EKM198619872 Sep 1987Active as of 2010[update], modernized to project 08773 in 1999–2001
 Algeria013El Hadj SlimaneNizhniy Novgorod877EKM1986198725 Nov 1987Upgraded in 2011, able to launch Kalibr/Club missiles
 Myanmar71UMS Minye Theinkhathu (ex-Sindhuvir)Saint Petersburg877EKM15 May 198713 Sep 198725 Dec 1987Modernized to project 08773 in 1997–1999, transferred toMyanmar Navy in 2020
 RussiaB-445Svyatoi Nikolai ChudotvoretsKomsomolsk-on-Amur87721 Mar 198726 Sep 198730 Jan 1988PFMay have decommissioned 2020;[74] listed as still in service by one source[75]
 IndiaS59SindhuratnaNizhniy Novgorod877EKM1987198814 Aug 1988Active as of 2010[update], modernized to project 08773 in 2001–2003
 IndiaS60SindhukesariSaint Petersburg877EKM20 Apr 198816 Aug 198829 Oct 1988Active as of 2010[update], modernized to project 08773 in 1999–2001
 RussiaB-808YaroslavlNizhniy Novgorod87729 Sep 198630 Jul 198827 Dec 1988NFDecommissioned 2022[76]
 RussiaB-394NurlatKomsomolsk-on-Amur87715 Apr 19883 Sep 198830 Dec 1988PFStatus unclear; active as of 2018; likely to decommission in mid/latter 2020s[19]
 RussiaB-800Kaluga (ex-Vologodskij komsomolets)Nizhniy Novgorod877LPMB
[citation needed]		5 Mar 19877 May 198930 Sep 1989NFRefitted in 2009–2012, active 2022[76]
 IndiaS61SindhukirtiSaint Petersburg877EKM5 Apr 198926 Aug 198930 Oct 1989Active, modernized to project 08773
 RussiaB-464Ust'-KamchatskKomsomolsk-on-Amur87726 May 198923 Sep 198930 Jan 1990PFStatus unclear; active as of 2018; likely to decommission in mid/latter 2020s[77]
 RussiaB-459VladikavkazNizhniy Novgorod87725 Feb 198829 Apr 199030 Sep 1990NFRefitted in 2011–15, active, entered Baltic Sea 3 Jul 2018 to take part in Main Naval Parade in St Petersburg on 29 Jul.
 IndiaS62SindhuvijaySaint Petersburg877EKM6 Apr 199027 Jul 199027 Oct 1990Modernized to project 08773 in 2005–2007. About to undergo mid-life refit as of 2025.[78]
 RussiaB-871AlrosaNizhniy Novgorod877V17 May 1988Sep 198930 Dec 1990BSFRefitted in 2014–2022[79]
 RussiaB-471MagnitogorskNizhniy Novgorod87726 Oct 198822 Sep 199030 Dec 1990NFStatus unclear as of 2025; active as of 2018
 RussiaB-494Ust'-BolsheretskKomsomolsk-on-Amur8775 May 19904 Oct 199030 Dec 1990PFDecommissioned 2023[80]
 Iran901TareghSaint Petersburg877EKM5 Apr 199125 Sep 199125 Dec 1991Active as of 2012[update].[81] Upgraded in Iranian shipyard.[82]
 RussiaB-187Komsomolsk-on-AmurKomsomolsk-on-Amur8777 May 19915 Oct 199130 Dec 1991PFActive 2018[83]
 RussiaB-177LipetskNizhniy Novgorod8773 Nov 198927 Jul 199130 Dec 1991NFStatus unclear as of 2025; active as of 2018
 RussiaB-190KrasnokamenskKomsomolsk-on-Amur8778 May 199225 Sep 199230 Dec 1992PFDecommissioned 2023[84]
 Iran902NoahSaint Petersburg877EKM30 Apr 199216 Oct 199231 Dec 1992Unknown (probably in modernization in Iranian shipyard)
 RussiaB-345MogochaKomsomolsk-on-Amur87722 Apr 19936 Oct 199322 Jan 1994Decommissioned 29 May 2021[74]
 People's Republic of China364Yuan Zheng 64 HaoNizhniy Novgorod877EKM???199410 Nov 1994Decommissioned 2021
 People's Republic of China365Yuan Zheng 65 HaoNizhniy Novgorod877EKM???199514 Aug 1995Decommissioned 2021
 Iran903YunesSaint Petersburg877EKM5 Feb 199212 Jul 19942 Sep 1996Active as 2011[85] (probably in modernization in Iranian shipyard)
 IndiaS63SindhurakshakSaint Petersburg877EKM16 Feb 199526 Jun 19972 Oct 1997A munitions accident caused an explosion and fire while at berth in 2013.[86] It was later scuttled.
 IndiaS65SindhurashtraSaint Petersburg877EKM12 Dec 199814 Oct 199916 May 2000Active as of 2010[update]

Project 636

[edit]
Operator#NameShipyardProjectLaid downLaunchedCommissionedFleetStatus
 People's Republic of China366Yuan Zheng 66 HaoSaint Petersburg63616 Jul 199626 Apr 199726 Aug 1997Active as of 2006[update]
 People's Republic of China367Yuan Zheng 67 HaoSaint Petersburg63628 Aug 199718 Jun 199825 Oct 1998Active as of 2006[update]
 People's Republic of China368Yuan Zheng 68 HaoSaint Petersburg636M18 Oct 200227 May 200420 Oct 2004Active as of 2006[update]
 People's Republic of China369Yuan Zheng 69 HaoSaint Petersburg636M18 Oct 200219 Aug 20042005Active as of 2006[update]
 People's Republic of China370Yuan Zheng 70 HaoSaint Petersburg636M2004May 20052005Active as of 2006[update]
 People's Republic of China371Yuan Zheng 71 HaoSaint Petersburg636M200420052005Active as of 2006[update]
 People's Republic of China372Yuan Zheng 72 HaoSaint Petersburg636M200520052006Active as of 2006[update]
 People's Republic of China373Yuan Zheng 73 HaoNizhniy Novgorod636MJul 19928 May 20045 Aug 2005Active as of 2007[update]
 People's Republic of China374Yuan Zheng 74 HaoSeverodvinsk636M29 May 200321 May 200530 Dec 2005Active as of 2006[update]
 People's Republic of China375Yuan Zheng 75 HaoSeverodvinsk636M29 May 200314 Jul 200530 Dec 2005Active as of 2006[update]
 Algeria021Messali el HadjSaint Petersburg636M200620 Nov 200828 Aug 2009Active[citation needed]
 Algeria022Akram PachaSaint Petersburg636M20079 Apr 200929 Oct 2009Active[citation needed]
 Vietnam182Hà NộiSaint Petersburg636.125 Aug 201028 Aug 2012[87]3 Apr 2014Active as of 2014[88][89]
 Vietnam183Hồ Chí Minh CitySaint Petersburg636.128 Sep 201128 Dec 20123 Apr 2014Active as of 2014[90][non-primary source needed][91]
 Vietnam184Hải PhòngSaint Petersburg636.1Aug 2013[92]1 Aug 2015Active as of 2014[93]
 Vietnam185Khánh HoàSaint Petersburg636.1201328 Mar 2014[94][non-primary source needed]1 Aug 2015Active as of 2015[95]
 Vietnam186Đà NẵngSaint Petersburg636.128 Dec 201428 Feb 2017Active as of 2016[96]
 Vietnam187Bà Rịa-Vũng TàuSaint Petersburg636.128 May 2014[97]28 Sep 201528 Feb 2017Active as of 2017[98]
 Algeria031El OuarsenisSaint Petersburg636.1201514 Mar 20179 Jan 2019Active as of 2019[99]
 Algeria032El HoggarSaint Petersburg636.118 Jun 20189 Jan 2019Active as of 2019[99]

Project 636.3

[edit]

Italics indicate estimates.Russian designation Project 636.6 is known as the "Improved Kilo II" class in the West.

Operator#NameShipyardProjectLaid downLaunchedCommissionedFleetStatus
 RussiaB-261NovorossiyskSaint Petersburg636.320 Aug 2010[100]28 Nov 2013[101]22 Aug 2014[102][103]BSFActive; as of September 2025[update] has a serious technical problem with diesel leaking from the fuel system into the submarine.[104][105]
 RussiaB-237Rostov-na-DonuSaint Petersburg636.321 Nov 2011[106]26 Jun 2014[107]30 Dec 2014[108]BSFDamaged by the cruise missile strike on Sevastopol drydock on 12 Sep 2023;[109] taken in for repair in dry dock;[33][110] claimed sunk by Ukraine in a second strike in Aug 2024[111]
 RussiaB-262Stary Oskol[112]Saint Petersburg636.317 Aug 2012[113]28 Aug 2014[114]25 Jun 2015BSFActive
 RussiaB-265KrasnodarSaint Petersburg636.320 Feb 2014[115]25 Apr 2015[116]5 Nov 2015BSFReported active in the Mediterranean as of 2026[117]
 RussiaB-268Veliky NovgorodSaint Petersburg636.330 Oct 2014[118]18 Mar 2016[119]25 Oct 2016[120]BSFActive
 RussiaB-271KolpinoSaint Petersburg636.330 Oct 2014[118]31 May 2016[121]24 Nov 2016BSFAs of December 2025[update] highly likely docked inPort of Novorossiysk, likely significantly damaged and unable to deploy or sail of its own accord.[46]
 RussiaB-274Petropavlovsk-KamchatskySaint Petersburg636.328 Jul 2017[122]28 Mar 2019[123]25 Nov 2019[124]PFActive[citation needed]
 RussiaB-603VolkhovSaint Petersburg636.328 Jul 2017[122]26 Dec 2019[125]24 Oct 2020[126]PFActive; carried out land-attack cruise missile tests in Jan 2022[127]
 RussiaB-602MagadanSaint Petersburg636.31 Nov 2019[128]26 Mar 2021[129]12 Oct 2021[130][131][132][133][134][135]PFActive; deployed in the Pacific fleet late 2022[136]
 RussiaB-588UfaSaint Petersburg636.31 Nov 2019[128]31 Mar 2022[137]16 Nov 2022[138][139][140][134][141]PFActive[142]
 RussiaB-608MozhayskSaint Petersburg636.323 Aug 2021[143][144]27 Apr 2023[145]28 Nov 2023PFActive[146]
 RussiaB-???YakutskSaint Petersburg636.323 Aug 2021[143][144]11 Oct 2024[147]11 Jun

2025[148]

PFActive[148]
 RussiaB-???Petrozavodsk[149]Saint Petersburg636.32022[141]2025[141]BF[141]Ordered in 2020,[150][151] improved design[152]
 RussiaB-???Mariupol[153]Saint Petersburg636.3Autumn 2024[154]2027NF[155]Ordered in 2022
 RussiaB-???[156]Donetsk[157]Saint Petersburg636.32023[158][159]2026BF or NF?Both ordered in 2022; two additional submarines with namesKherson &Zaporozhye also reported planned[21][160]
 RussiaB-???[161]Lugansk[21][162]Saint Petersburg636.320252028BF or NF?

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^abcGady, Franz-Stefan (7 October 2019)."New Russian Attack Sub Enters Sea Trials".The Diplomat.
  2. ^"ДПЛ ПРОЕКТА 636.3 - Многоцелевая дизельная подводная лодка" [DPL PROJECT 636.3 - Multipurpose diesel submarine] (in Russian). Archived fromthe original on 30 August 2017.
  3. ^ab"АПЛ Проекта 636.3" [Project 636.3 Nuclear Submarine].pp.userapi.com (in Russian).Archived from the original on 30 August 2017. Retrieved30 August 2017.
  4. ^abcGady, Franz-Stefan (22 November 2019)."First Project 636.3 Kilo-Class Attack Sub to Enter Service With Russia's Pacific Fleet This Month".The Diplomat.
  5. ^abcdefWertheim, Eric (August 2023)."Russia's Kilo-class Submarine: Improved And More Deadly Than Ever".Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute. 149/8/1, 446. Archived fromthe original on 17 November 2023. Retrieved18 August 2025.
  6. ^abTomasz Grotnik (14 October 2024)."Russia launches Final Project 636.3 Submarine for Pacific Fleet".Naval News.
  7. ^Gardiner, Chumbley and Budzbon (1995), pp. 408-409.
  8. ^"Algeria Navy may receive 2 new Russian Improved Kilo-class submarines".Army Recognition. 8 August 2023.
  9. ^Darman (2004), p. 46.
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  11. ^Anechoic tiles are fitted on casings and fins to absorb the sonar sound waves of active sonar, which results in a reduction and distortion of the return signal.
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Bibliography

[edit]
  • Darman, Peter, ed. (2004).Twenty-first Century Submarines and Warships. Military Handbooks. Rochester: Grange Books.ISBN 1-84013-678-2.
  • Gardiner, Robert; Chumbley, Stephen; Budzbon, Przemysław, eds. (1995).Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.ISBN 1-55750-132-7.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Breemer, Jan S. (1989).Soviet Submarines: Design, Development and Tactics. Coulsdon, Surrey: Jane's Information Group.ISBN 0710605269.
  • Miller, David; Jordan, John (1987).Modern Submarine Warfare. New York: Military Press.ISBN 0-517-64647-1.
  • Miller, David (1989).Modern Submarines. Combat Arms. New York: Prentice Hall Press.ISBN 0-13-589102-7.
  • Polmar, Norman; Moore, Kenneth J. (2004).Cold War Submarines: The Design and Construction of U.S. and Soviet Submarines. Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books.ISBN 978-1-57488-594-1.
  • Polmar, Norman; Noot, Jurrien S. (1991).Submarines of the Russian and Soviet Navies, 1718-1990. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.ISBN 0-87021-570-1.


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