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Akilij (fromTurkishkılıç, literally "sword")[1] is a type of one-handed, single-edged and curvedscimitar used by theSeljuk Empire,Timurid Empire,Mamluk Empire,Ottoman Empire, and other Turkic khanates ofEurasian steppes andTurkestan. These blades developed from earlierTurko-Mongol sabers that were in use in lands controlled or influenced by theTurkic peoples.
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Most ofTurkologists andlinguists includingBican Ercilasun andSevan Nişanyan think that it is derived from the Turkic rootkıl- which means "to forge" or "to smith", with the diminutive suffix-ıç which createskıl-ıç (roughly "ironwork", i.e. "sword"). Also one of the earliest mentions of the word was also recorded askılıç (altun kurugsakımın kılıçın kesipen, anOld Turkic phrase from theOrkhon Inscriptions which was erected in 735 AD) in the age ofTurkic Khaganate, instead of the other suggested Old Turkic reconstructed form ofkırınç.[2] However, according toTurkish Language Association, the Turkish root verbkır- which means "to kill"[3] with the suffix-inç makeskır-ınç (instrument for killing) becomeskılınç, thenkılıç, which is apparently not based on the earliest attested forms of the word.
The kilij became the symbol of power and kingdom. For example,Seljuk rulers carried the nameKilij Arslan (kılıç-arslan) means "sword-lion".
The Central Asian Turks and their offshoots began using curved cavalry swords beginning from the lateXiongnu period.[4] The earliest examples of curved, single edged Turkish swords can be found associated with the late Xiongnu andKök-Turk empires.[5] These swords were made ofpattern welded high carbon crucible steel, generally with long slightly curved blades with one sharp edge. A sharp back edge on the distal third of the blade known asyalman oryelman was introduced during this period.
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In the Early Middle Ages, the Turkic people of Central Asia came into contact with Middle Eastern civilizations through their shared Islamic faith. TurkicGhilman slave-soldiers serving under the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates introduced kilij-type sabers to all of the other Middle Eastern cultures. Previously, Arabs and Persians used straight-bladed swords such as the earlier types of the Arabsaif,takoba andkaskara.
During Islamizaton of the Turks, the kilij became more and more popular in the Islamic armies. When the Seljuk Empire invaded Persia and became the first Turkic Muslim political power in Western Asia, kilij became the dominant sword form. The Iranian (Persian)shamshir was created during the TurkicSeljuk Empire period of Iran/Persia.[6]
The kilij as a specific type of sabre associated with theOttoman Turks starts to appear historically from primarily the mid 15th century. One of the oldest known examples is attributed toÖzbeg Khan,khaghan of theGolden Horde, from the early 14th century, and is currently on display in theHermitage Museum in St Petersburg.[7] The oldest surviving examples sport a long blade curving slightly from the hilt and more strongly in the distal half. The width of the blade stays narrow (with a slight taper) up until the last 30% of its length, at which point it flares out and becomes wider. This distinctive flaring tip is called ayalman "false edge", and it greatly adds to the cutting power of the sword. Ottoman sabres of the next couple of centuries were often of the Seljuk variety, though the native kilij form was also found; Iranian blades (that did not have theyalman) were fitted with Ottoman hilts. These hilts normally had slightly longerquillons to the guard, which was usually of brass or silver, and sported a rounded termination to the grips, usually made of horn, unlike that seen on Iranian swords (Iranian swords usually had iron guards and the grip terminated in a hook-shape often with a metal pommel sheathing). The finest mechanicalDamascus andwootz steel were often used in making of these swords. In the classical period of the Ottoman Empire, Bursa, Damascus and the Derbent regions became the most famous swordsmithing centers of the empire. Turkish blades became a major export item to Europe and Asia.
In the late 18th century, though shamshirs continued to be used, the kilij underwent an evolution: the blade was shortened, became much more acutely curved, and was wider with an even deeperyalman. In addition to the flared tip, these blades have a distinct "T-shaped" cross section to the back of the blade. This allowed greater blade stiffness without an increase in weight. Because of the shape of the tip of the blade and the nature of its curvature the kilij could be used to perform the thrust; in this it had an advantage over theshamshir whose extreme curvature did not allow the thrust.[8] Some of these shorter kilij are also referred to aspala, but there does not seem to be a clear-cut distinction in nomenclature.
After theAuspicious Incident, the Turkish army was modernized in the European fashion and kilijs were abandoned for western-type cavalry sabers andsmallswords. This change, and the introduction of industrialized European steels to Ottoman market, created a great decline in traditional swordsmithing. Civilians in the provinces and county militia (zeybeks in Western Anatolia,bashi-bazouks inthe Balkan provinces), continued to carry hand-made kilijs as a part of their traditional dress. In the late 19th century, SultanAbdul Hamid II's palace guards, the Ertuğrul Brigade, which was composed ofnomadic Turks of Anatolia, carried traditional kilijs as a romantic-nationalistic revival of the earlier Ottoman Turkoman cavalry raiders. This sentiment continued after dethronement of the sultan by the nationalistYoung Turks. High-ranking officer non-regulation dress saber of early 20th century was a modern composite of traditional kilij, "mameluke" and European cavalry saber.
Sabres were known and used in eastern, and to a lesser extent central Europe from the time of the Magyar invasions, beginning in the 9th century (see the so-calledSabre of Charlemagne). Following the Ottoman invasion of Balkans, however, European armies were introduced to the kilij itself. The kilij first became popular with the Balkan nations and the Hungarian hussar cavalry after 15th century. Around 1670, thekarabela (from Turkish wordkarabela: black bane) evolved, based on Janissary kilij sabres; it became the most popular sword-form in the Polish army. During 17th and 18th centuries, curved sabers that evolved from Turkish kilij were widespread throughout Europe.
The Ottomans' historical dominance of the region ensured the use of the sword by other nations, notably the Mamluks in Egypt. During theNapoleonic Wars, the French conquest of Egypt brought these swords to the attention of the Europeans. This type of sabre became very popular for light cavalry officers, in both France and Britain, and became a fashionable sword for senior officers to wear. In 1831 the "Mameluke", as the sword was now called, became a regulation pattern for British general officers (the1831 Pattern, still in use today). The American victory over the rebellious forces in the citadel ofTripoli in 1805 during theFirst Barbary War, led to the presentation of bejewelled examples of these swords to the senior officers of theUS Marines. Officers of the US Marine Corps still use a mameluke pattern dress sword. Although some genuine Turkish kilij sabres were used by Westerners, most "mameluke sabres" were manufactured in Europe; their hilts were very similar in form to the Ottoman prototype, but their blades, even when an expandedyelman was incorporated, tended to be longer, narrower and less curved than those of the true kilij.
TheTurkish language has numerous terminology describing swords, swordsmithing, parts and types of blades. Below is listed some of the terminology about names of the main parts of a kilij and scabbard in order of the term, literal translation of the Turkish word, and its equivalent in English terminology of swords.
| Term | Literal translation | Equivalent in English sword terminology – Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| Taban | Base | Overall metal body of the sword that is composed of tang and blade |
| Namlu | Barrel | Blade |
| Kabza | Hilt | Hilt |
| Balçak | Guard | |
| Siperlik | Cover | Quillion |
| Kabza aşırması | Knuckle bow | |
| Kuyruk ortugru | Tail | Tang |
| Boyun | Neck (of the handle) | Grip |
| Kabza başı | Head of the handle | Pommel |
| Kabza tepeliği | Pommel cap | |
| Perçin orçij | Rivet | Rivet |
| Zıh | Frieze or border | Thin metal border that covers intersections of handle and tang |
| Ağız oryalım | Mouth | Edge |
| Sırt | Back | Back |
| Yiv,oluk orgöl | Chamfer, groove or lake | Fuller |
| Set | Bank | Ridge |
| Yalman | Double edged end section of the blade | |
| Mahmuz | Spur | Martle |
| Namlu yüzü | Face of the blade | Flat of the blade |
| Süvre oruç | Point or tip | Point |
| Kın | Scabbard | Scabbard |
| Ağızlık | Mouthpiece | Locket |
| Çamurluk | Bumper | Chape |
| Balçak oyuğu | Guard cavity | Section of the locket where handguard fits in |
| Bilezik | Bangle | Ring mount |
| Taşıma halkası | Carrying ring | Suspension ring |
| Gövde | Body | Main part of the scabbard |
