| Kiki's Delivery Service | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
.jpg) Theatrical release poster | |||||
| Japanese name | |||||
| Kanji | 魔女の宅急便 | ||||
| |||||
| Directed by | Hayao Miyazaki | ||||
| Screenplay by | Hayao Miyazaki | ||||
| Based on | Kiki's Delivery Service byEiko Kadono | ||||
| Produced by | Hayao Miyazaki | ||||
| Starring | |||||
| Cinematography | Shigeo Sugimura | ||||
| Edited by | Takeshi Seyama | ||||
| Music by | Joe Hisaishi | ||||
Production company | |||||
| Distributed by | Toei Company | ||||
Release date |
| ||||
Running time | 102 minutes | ||||
| Country | Japan | ||||
| Language | Japanese | ||||
| Budget | ¥800 million ($6.9 million) | ||||
| Box office | $41.8 million[note 1] | ||||
Kiki's Delivery Service[note 2] is a 1989 Japaneseanimatedfantasy film written, produced, and directed byHayao Miyazaki, based onEiko Kadono's 1985 novelKiki's Delivery Service. Animated byStudio Ghibli, the film starsMinami Takayama,Rei Sakuma,Kappei Yamaguchi, andKeiko Toda. The story follows Kiki (Takayama), a youngwitch who moves to the port city of Koriko with her cat Jiji (Sakuma) and starts a flyingcourier service.
In 1987, Group Fudosha asked Kadono's publishers for the rights to the novel to be made into a film by either Miyazaki orIsao Takahata. Production began near the release ofMy Neighbor Totoro (1988). Miyazaki initially worked as producer, but took over directing fromSunao Katabuchi as he became more involved in the project. As the novel is based on a fictional northern European country, Miyazaki and his team traveled to locations such asVisby, Sweden, to research its landscape. Miyazaki altered the story, adding new scenes to emphasize the theme of independence and growing up. According to Miyazaki, the film portrays the gulf between independence and reliance among teenage Japanese girls.[1]
Kiki's Delivery Service was released in Japan on July 29, 1989, byToei.[2] It was the first Studio Ghibli film to be successful on initial release, grossing a total of ¥4.3 billion ($31 million). It received critical acclaim and multiple awards.
An Englishdub was produced byStreamline Pictures forJapan Airlines international flights in 1989.The Walt Disney Studios produced an English dub in 1997, which became the first film under a deal between Tokuma and Disney to be released in English. It was released to home media in 1998.
In a world where witches exist alongside humans, 13 year old Kiki decides to go out on her own, which all young witches must do when they turn 13, taking herfamiliar spirit, a talking black cat named Jiji, with her. Her mother insists that she take her mother's old, reliable broomstick. Kiki flies off into the cloudless night when the moon is full, searching for a new town for settlement. She encounters another witch and her cat who she finds pretentious but they cause Kiki to wonder what her special "skill" is. Kiki finds the town of Koriko and accidentally flies through traffic, causing disruptions. She is approached by a policeman, but a boy named Tombo helps her escape.
Kiki looks for a place to live and work in her new town. She finds the Gutiokipanja bakery, owned by Osono and her husband, Fukuo, who are expecting a child. Osono invites her to live in a room above the bakery. Kiki opens a business delivering goods by broomstick, known as the "Witch Delivery Service". Her first delivery is of a small stuffed toy of a black cat that looks like Jiji, as a birthday gift for Osono's neighbour's nephew Ket. Along the way, she is caught in the wind and ends up in a forest filled with crows, which attack her, causing her to lose the toy. They come up with a plan in which Jiji pretends to be the toy for Ket until Kiki can retrieve the real one. She finds it in the home of a young painter with crows, Ursula, who repairs and returns it. With the help of Ket's dog Jeff, Kiki successfully retrieves Jiji and replaces him with the stuffed cat.
The next day, Tombo gives her an invitation to visit his aviation club. However, she gets busy with her deliveries, and gets caught in a thunderstorm on her way back. Drenched from the rain, she decides not to go. She then falls ill, but Osono cares for her until she recovers. Osono secretly arranges for Kiki to see Tombo again by assigning her a delivery addressed to him. Kiki apologizes for missing the party, and Tombo takes her for a test ride on the flying machine he is working on, fashioned from a bicycle. Kiki warms up to him, but is once again disgusted by Tombo's friends.
Kiki becomes depressed and discovers she can no longer understand Jiji. She has also lost her flying ability and is forced to suspend her delivery business. Ursula then visits Kiki and asks if she can go to her house. She agrees, and the two spend time together there. Ursula determines that Kiki's crisis is a form ofartist's block, and then suggests to her to find a new purpose, so that she can regain her powers.
While visiting a former customer's house she witnesses an airship accident on television. Tombo is seen trying to help tie the dirigible to the ground, but a gust of wind pushes the aircraft away with him clinging to the rope. Kiki rushes to the scene and asks to borrow a broom from a local shop-owner. She regains her flying power and manages to rescue Tombo. With her confidence restored, she resumes her delivery service, and writes a letter home saying that she and Jiji are happy.
| Character name | Voice actor | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | Japanese | Japanese[3] | English | |
| Streamline Pictures/Tokuma/Quality Sound Studios (1989) | Disney/Buena Vista/Screenmusic Studios (1998)[3] | |||
| Kiki | Kiki (キキ) | Minami Takayama | Lisa Michelson | Kirsten Dunst |
| Jiji | Jiji (ジジ) | Rei Sakuma | Kerrigan Mahan | Phil Hartman |
| Osono | Osono (おソノ) | Keiko Toda | Alexandra Kenworthy | Tress MacNeille |
| Ursula | Urusura (ウルスラ) | Minami Takayama | Edie Mirman | Janeane Garofalo |
| Tombo | Tonbo (トンボ) | Kappei Yamaguchi | Eddie Frierson | Matthew Lawrence |
| Fukuo (Osono's husband) | Fukuo (フクオ) | Koichi Yamadera | Greg Snegoff | John Hostetter |
| Kokiri (Kiki's mother) | Kokiri (コキリ) | Mieko Nobusawa | Barbara Goodson | Kath Soucie |
| Okino (Kiki's father) | Okino (オキノ) | Kōichi Miura | John Dantona | Jeff Bennett |
| Madame | Madamu (マダム) | Haruko Kato | Melanie MacQueen | Debbie Reynolds |
| Barsa | Barusa (バルサ) | Hiroko Seki | Edie Mirman | Edie McClurg |
| Senior Witch | Jōkyū majo (上級魔女) | Yūko Kobayashi | Wendee Lee | Debi Derryberry |
| Madame's Granddaughter | Madamu no magomusume (マダムの孫娘) | Keiko Kagimoto | Sherry Lynn | |
| Ket | Ketto (ケット) | Yuriko Fuchizaki | Lara Cody | Pamela Adlon |
| Maki (Ket's aunt) | Maki (マキ) | Kikuko Inoue | Julia Fletcher | |
| Ket's mother | Ketto no haha (ケットの母) | Mika Doi | Diane Michelle | |
| Ket's father | Ketto no chichi (ケットの父) | Takaya Hashi | Steve Kramer | John DeMita |
| Ket's grandmother | Ketto no o bāchan (ケットのおばあちゃん) | Yoshiko Asai | Mike Reynolds | Julia Fletcher |
| Miss Dora | Misu dōra (ミス・ドーラ) | Shō Saito | Diane Michelle | Fay Dewitt |
| Truck Driver | Torakku untenshu (トラック運転手) | Michihiro Ikemizu | — | Corey Burton |
| Hotel Receptionist | Hoteru no uketsuke-gakari (ホテルの受付係) | Shinpachi Tsuji | Doug Stone | Matt K. Miller |
| Policeman | Keikan (警官) | Koichi Yamadera | Steve Kramer | |
| Radio Announcer | Rajio anaunsā (ラジオアナウンサー) | Carl Macek | Corey Burton | |
| Man with Push Broom | Oshi hōki o motsu otoko (押しほうきを持つ男) | Takashi Taguchi | Steve Kramer | Jeff Bennett |
| Dirigible Captain | Hikōsen no senchō (飛行船の船長) | Akio Ōtsuka | Dave Mallow | John Hostetter |
| Clock Tower Caretaker | Tokei-tō no kanrinin (時計塔の管理人) | Tomomichi Nishimura | Greg Snegoff | Lewis Arquette |
| Baby | Akachan (赤ちゃん) | Chika Sakamoto | — | |
| Friends | Tomodachi (友達) | Yūko Tsuga Yoshiko Kamei | Lara Cody Barbara Goodson | — |
| Old Lady | Rō fujin (老婦人) | Hiroko Maruyama | Melanie MacQueen | |
| Boy | Otokonoko (男の子) | — | ||
| Tombo's Friends | Tonbo no tomodachi (トンボの友達) | — | Dave Mallow Diane Michelle Lara Cody | — |
| Hometown Adults | Furusato no otona-tachi (故郷の大人たち) | Mike Reynolds Wendee Lee | ||
A major theme of the film is maturity.[4] After leaving her parents who are supportive of her independence, Kiki has to face problems common to adolescence such as finding a job, seeking acceptance, and taking care of herself.[5] According toHelen McCarthy, the "vibrant" Stockholm-inspired city gives a sense of safety as well as independence.[6] The concept ofvulnerability is also examined closely in the film. CriticMark Schilling notes a scene during Kiki's first night away from home where Kiki rushes back to her room and slams the door behind her to avoid being spotted by Fukuo. Fukuo, however, steps outside simply to stretch his arms, and Kiki's shy behavior "expresses [her] youth, vulnerability, and isolation."[7]
Another theme is the transition from traditional to contemporary. Kiki is shown to balance both of these qualities. For instance, Kiki observes the tradition of witches wearing dark-colored clothes, but adorns her hair with a bright red bow.[8][page needed] Kiki also engages in other traditional methods, such as baking with a wood-burning stove and flying her mother's old broom.[8][page needed]
Kiki's loss of her witch powers is considered the worst crisis she has to face during the film.[9][10] Her loss of flight reflects the harm dealt to Kiki by her own self-doubts.[9] Petrana Radulovic also suggests that Jiji's bond with Kiki represents the experiences she had as a child, and that once Kiki loses her powers to talk to Jiji, she becomes more lonely.[11] Jiji had served as the wiser voice (imaginary companion) to Kiki, and she stopped being able to understand him the moment she struggles with self-doubt. According to Miyazaki himself, Jiji is meant to represent the immature side of Kiki, and her inability to talk to Jiji represents her newfound maturity at the end of the movie.[12]
In relation to Kiki's portrayal as a witch, some have drawn comparisons to historical or contemporary views on witches and witchcraft. The film incorporates some conventions from fairy-tales such as ablack cat companion for Kiki,[13] Kiki's use of a broom for flight, and her black dress.[citation needed] Whilegirls with magical powers are common inJapanese television, Miyazaki wanted to stray away from the various stereotypes generated from these shows, remarking that witchcraft "has always merely been the means to fulfill the dreams of young girls."[14]
Kiki has also been compared to other characters inMiyazaki's films. While there are overt differences in demeanor between Kiki and San fromPrincess Mononoke, a character who is motivated by anger, both characters take control over their own lives. This theme of remarkable independence is also seen in Miyazaki's earlier works, such as inNausicaä inNausicaä of the Valley of the Wind.[15] Kiki is also compared toChihiro ofSpirited Away as they are both young girls attempting to seek independence without being rebellious. Both Chihiro and Kiki develop their independence with the help of their friends.[16]
In 1987, Group Fudosha asked Kadono's publishers for therights to adapt Kadono's novel into a feature film directed by either Hayao Miyazaki orIsao Takahata of Studio Ghibli. However, both of the chosen directors were busy, working onMy Neighbor Totoro andGrave of the Fireflies respectively.[18] Miyazaki accepted the role of producer while the studio continued to search for a director.[19] Near the end ofTotoro's production, members of Studio Ghibli were being recruited as senior staff forKiki's Delivery Service. The character design position was given toKatsuya Kondo, who was working with Miyazaki onTotoro. Hiroshi Ohno, who would later work on projects such asJin-Roh, was hired as art director at the request ofKazuo Oga.
Miyazaki choseSunao Katabuchi as director. Katabuchi had worked with Miyazaki onSherlock Hound;Kiki's Delivery Service was to have been his directorial debut. Studio Ghibli hired Nobuyuki Isshiki as script writer, but Miyazaki was dissatisfied by the first draft, finding it dry and too divergent from his own vision of the film.[20] Although the novel is set in a fictional northern European country, Miyazaki did not originally travel to Sweden for research. Instead, he had previously visited locations such asVisby and Stockholm while attempting to secure the rights for an animated adaptation ofPippi Longstocking. After being denied a meeting withAstrid Lindgren, he later used reference photos from that trip as inspiration for the film's setting.[21][22][23] The architecture of Koriko is also based on the design of buildings from other cities such asAmsterdam,Paris, andSan Francisco.[citation needed]
Upon their return to Japan, Miyazaki and the creative team worked on conceptual art and character designs. Miyazaki began significantly modifying the story, creating new ideas and changing existing ones.[24]Kiki's Delivery Service, the original children's book by Kadono that the movie was based on, is very different from Miyazaki's finished film. Kadono's novel is more episodic, consisting of small stories about various people and incidents Kiki encounters while making deliveries. Kiki overcomes many challenges in the novel based on "her good heart" and consequently expands her circle of friends. She faces no particular traumas or crises.[25] Many of the more dramatic elements, such as Kiki getting attacked by many crows, losing her powers or theairship incident at the film's climax, are not present in the original story. In order to more clearly illustrate the themes of struggling with independence and growing up in the film, Miyazaki intended to have Kiki face tougher challenges and create a more potent sense of loneliness.[25] Miyazaki remarked, "As movies always create a more realistic feeling, Kiki will suffer stronger setbacks and loneliness than in the original".[citation needed] Kadono was unhappy with the changes made between the book and film, to the point that the project was in danger of being shelved at the screenplay stage.[26] Miyazaki andToshio Suzuki, the producer of Ghibli, went to the author's home and invited her to the film's studio. After her visit to the studio, Kadono decided to let the project continue.[19]
Miyazaki finished the rough draft of the screenplay in June 1988 and presented it in July 1988. It was at this time that Miyazaki revealed that he had decided to direct the film, because he had influenced the project so much.[24]Kiki's Delivery Service was originally intended to be a 60-minute special, but expanded into a feature film running 102 minutes after Miyazaki completed storyboarding and scripting it.[27]
The wordtakkyūbin (宅急便, literally "home-fast-mail") in the Japanese title is a trademark ofYamato Transport (which stylized it in non-Japanese languages asTA-Q-BIN), though it is used today as a synonym fortakuhaibin (宅配便, "home-delivery-mail"). While Yamato Transport sponsored the film, it initially did not approve of the usage of its trademark, since it was used by Kadono without permission. However, the success of the film restored relations between both her and Yamato Transport.[19]
The film had a production budget of¥800 million[note 3], making it one of the most expensive anime films up until then, along withAkira (1988)[29] andRoyal Space Force: The Wings of Honnêamise (1987).[30]
| Kiki's Delivery Service | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Soundtrack album by | ||||
| Released | August 25, 1989 | |||
| Genre | ||||
| Length | 41:45 | |||
| Label | Tokuma Shoten | |||
| Producer | Joe Hisaishi | |||
| Joe Hisaishi chronology | ||||
| ||||
As withHayao Miyazaki's other films,Joe Hisaishi composed the soundtrack for this film. Three months before the theatrical release of the movie, theimage album for the film was published by Tokuma Shoten onCompact disc. A vocal album was released in November 1992.[31]
For the 1997 Disney English dub, much of the soundtrack was retained except for "Message of Rouge" and "Wrapped in Kindness", which were the opening and ending themes of the original Japanese version. Instead, they were replaced with two songs bySydney Forest; "Soaring" and "I'm Gonna Fly". Both these songs were removed from the 2010 DVD re-release of the English dub ofKiki's Delivery Service.[32]Paul Chihara composed the music for the dub, adding music to scenes that were silent in the original Japanese version.[33]
| Release date | English title | Japanese title |
|---|---|---|
| April 10, 1989 | Kiki's Delivery Service Image Album | 魔女の宅急便 イメージソング集 |
| August 25, 1989 | Kiki's Delivery Service Soundtrack | 魔女の宅急便 サウンドトラック |
| December 21, 1989 | Kiki's Delivery Service Hi-Tech Series | 魔女の宅急便 ハイテックシリーズ |
| November 25, 1992 | Kiki's Delivery Service Vocal Album | 魔女の宅急便 ヴォーカルアルバム |
Kiki's Delivery Service premiered on July 29, 1989, in Japanese theaters. It sold around 2,640,000 tickets in Japan,[34] with a total box office of¥4.3 billion (US$31 million) in gross receipts.[35] It became the first Studio Ghibli film to be successful during its initial release and was one of 1989'shighest-grossing films in Japan.[34][36] It also grossedHK$4.04 million (US$519,000) in Hong Kong upon release there in 1990.[3] Later re-releases and international releases between 2004 and 2023 grossed US$10,366,082 worldwide,[37] adding up to$41,885,082 grossed worldwide as of 2023[update].[note 1] In the United Kingdom, it was 2018's seventh best-selling foreign-language film on home video,[38] and 2019's fifth best-selling foreign-language film (below four other Japanese films, including three Miyazaki anime films).[39]
Streamline Pictures produced the first official English dub ofKiki's Delivery Service in November 1989 forJapan Airlines international flights. It was the second Studio Ghibli dub produced by Streamline followingMy Neighbor Totoro earlier that year.Tokuma Shoten commissioned Streamline for theKiki's Delivery Service dub after being satisfied with the English production ofMy Neighbor Totoro, but did not give Streamline the rights to distribute the film in North America.[40] The Streamline dub was released only on the GhibliLaserDisc Box Set in 1996, which is out of print.[19]
Disney produced an English dub in 1997[33] andKiki was the first film released through a deal Disney made with Tokuma.[citation needed] It premiered at the Seattle International Film Festival on May 23, 1998, and was released on both VHS and LaserDisc byBuena Vista Home Video in September 1998.[3][32] It became the eighth-most sold film atBlockbuster during its first week of availability,[41] and sold over 900,000 copies by September 28, 1998.[42] It was re-released on VHS and debuted on DVD in North America in 2003, alongside the releases ofSpirited Away andCastle in the Sky.[43] Disney re-released the film on DVD in 2010 with an updated English dub that removed the earlier dub's deviations from the Japanese version.[44][19]
In the United Kingdom, the film was released on Blu-ray byStudioCanal alongside a release ofGrave of the Fireflies on July 1, 2013,[45] while in North America,Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released the film onBlu-ray Disc alongsidePrincess Mononoke andThe Wind Rises, on November 18, 2014.[46]GKIDS re-issued the film on Blu-ray and DVD on October 17, 2017.[47] In October 2019, it was announced the 2010 Disney dub version would be streaming onHBO Max;[48] and in 2020, it was announced the Japanese version and the Disney dub would be streaming onNetflix.[49]
At the review aggregator websiteRotten Tomatoes, 98% of 45 reviews are positive forKiki's Delivery Service, and the average rating is 8.1/10. The critics consensus reads, "Kiki's Delivery Service is a heartwarming, gorgeously-rendered tale of a young witch discovering her place in the world."[50]Metacritic, another aggregator, collected 15 reviews and calculated an average rating of 85 out of 100, signifying "universal acclaim".[51]
Initial reviews and reception forKiki's Delivery Service were positive. Mark Schilling ofThe Japan Times gave a positive review, praising the realism of Kiki's character, as well as citing various scenes that emphasized it,[7] and Japanese filmmakerAkira Kurosawa also showed admiration for the film.[citation needed] The film also received similar acclaim in America once it was released there. On September 12, 1998, it was the first video release to be reviewed as a normal film onSiskel and Ebert rather than on the "Video Pick of the Week" section.[41]Gene Siskel of theChicago Tribune andRoger Ebert of theChicago Sun-Times gave it "two thumbs up"[52][53]
Retrospective reviews were also positive.IGN's Andy Patrizio praised the film for its simple but meaningful story, as well as the voice acting of the English dub,[54] whileVox's Allegra Frank felt that the film presented its message well.[55]
The film was also ranked high in various publications.Entertainment Weekly rated it as Video of the Year in 1998,[56] and in the same year Roger Ebert went on to rank it as one of the best animated films released in the U.S.[57] The film also ranked No. 12 onWizard's Anime Magazine's list of the "Top 50 Anime released in North America".[58]
| Award | Category | Result | Recipient | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 12thAnime Grand Prix | Best Anime | Won | Kiki's Delivery Service | [59] |
| Best Female Character | Won | Kiki | ||
| Best Anime Theme Song | Won | "Yasashisa ni Tsutsumaretanara" | ||
| 44thMainichi Film Award | Best Animated Film | Won | Kiki's Delivery Service | [60] |
| Kinema Junpo Awards | Readers' Choice Award | Won | Kiki's Delivery Service | [61] |
| 13thJapan Academy Prize | Special Award | Won | Kiki's Delivery Service | [62] |
| Popularity Award | Won | Kiki's Delivery Service | ||
| 7th Annual Golden Gross Award | Gold, Japanese Film | Won | Kiki's Delivery Service | [63] |
| The Movie's Day | Special Achievement Award | Won | Kiki's Delivery Service | |
| The Erandole Award | Special Award | Won | Kiki's Delivery Service | |
| Japan Cinema Association Award | Best Film | Won | Kiki's Delivery Service | |
| Best Director | Won | Hayao Miyazaki | ||
| Agency of Cultural Affairs | Best Film | Won | Kiki's Delivery Service |
A four-volumeani-manga book series using stills from the film was published in Japan byTokuma Shoten between August and September 1989.[64][65] An English translation would later be published byViz Media between April and July 2006.[66][67][68][69] Tokuma also published a 208-page art book on February 11, 1989, and Viz Media published the English translation of it on May 9, 2006.[70][71]
A musical based on the film ran at theSouthwark Playhouse in the UK from December 8, 2016, to January 7, 2017, and officially opened on December 13, 2016. It was adapted by Jessica Sian and directed by Katie Hewitt.[72] The musical would later run again from August 10, 2017, to September 3, 2017.[73]
There were also other musicals that ran in Japan. The first ran in Tokyo and Osaka from June 2017 to September 2017, and starredMoka Kamishiraishi as Kiki and Aran Abe as Tombo. A second one ran in 2018 which starredRiko Fukumoto as Kiki. The most recent one ran from March 2021 to April 2021 in Tokyo, Nagoya and Osaka. It stars Neo Inoue as Kiki, and Yūto Nasu as Tombo.[74]
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
