Khulna খুলনা | |
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 A monument at theKhulna University of Engineering & Technology  Skyline of Khulna City | |
 Interactive map of Khulna | |
  Khulna Location in Khulna Division Show map of Khulna division Khulna Location in Bangladesh Show map of Bangladesh Khulna Location in Asia Show map of Asia.svg) Khulna Location on Earth Show map of Earth | |
| Coordinates:22°49′N89°33′E / 22.82°N 89.55°E /22.82; 89.55 | |
| Country |  Bangladesh |
| Division | Khulna Division |
| District | Khulna District |
| First settled | April 25, 1842; 183 years ago (1842-04-25) |
| Municipal Council: | September 8, 1884; 141 years ago (1884-09-08) |
| Municipal Corporation: | December 12, 1984; 41 years ago (1984-12-12) |
| City Corporation: | August 6, 1990; 35 years ago (1990-08-06) |
| Government | |
| • Type | Mayor-council |
| • Body | Khulna City Corporation |
| • Administrator | Md. Helal Mahmud Sharif |
| • City Council | 31 constituencies |
| • Parliament | 2 constituencies |
| Area | |
| 45.65 km2 (17.63 sq mi) | |
| • Metro | 150.57 km2 (58.14 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 9 m (30 ft) |
| Population (2022) | |
| • Urban | 928,891 |
| • Metro | 1,500,000 |
| • | 5th in Bangladesh |
| • Metro rank | 3rd in Bangladesh |
| Demonym | Khulnaiya |
| Languages | |
| • Official | Bengali • English |
| • Regional | Eastern Bengali dialects |
| Time zone | UTC+6 (Bangladesh Time) |
| Postal code | 9000, 9100, 9201, 9202, 9203, 9204, 9205, 9206, 9207, 9208 |
| Calling code | +880 41 |
| UN/LOCODE | BD KHL |
| GDP (2022) | PPP $5.1 billionNominal $2.0 billion |
| HDI (2023) | 0.718[3] high ·2nd of 22 |
| Police | Khulna Metropolitan Police |
| Airport | Jessore Airport &Khan Jahan Ali Airport (Under construction) |
| Planning Authority | Khulna Development Authority |
| Water Supply and Sewerage Authority | Khulna WASA |
| Website | khulna.gov.bd |
Khulna (Bengali:খুলনা,pronounced[ˈkʰulna]ⓘ) is the third-largest city inBangladesh, afterDhaka andChittagong.[4] It is the administrative centre of theKhulna District and theKhulna Division. It is the divisional centre of 10 districts of the division. Khulna is also the second largest port city of Bangladesh afterChittagong, due to being adjacent toPort of Mongla. There is also a river port within the city namedPort of Khulna. Khulna's economy is mainly marine, sea port and local industry based and it is the third-largest in Bangladesh.
Khulna is on theRupsha andBhairab River, a strategic industrial point in southwestern Bangladesh. It is also an important industrial hub in Bangladeshi industry, hosting many of the nation's largest companies. Khulna's economy is affected by thePort of Mongla, Bangladesh's second-largest seaport.
A colonialsteamboat service, which includes theTern,Osrich andLepcha, operates on the river route to the city. Khulna is considered the gateway to theSundarbans, the world's largestmangrove forest and home of theBengal tiger. It is north of theMosque City of Bagerhat, aUNESCO World Heritage Site.[5][6]
Khulna was part of the ancient kingdoms ofVanga,Gangaridai andSamatata. After the end of thePala Empire, it was ruled by theSena dynasty during the 12th-century reign ofBallala Sena, and formed part of the Bagri division of Bengal.During the 14th century,Shamsuddin Firoz Shah was the first Muslim ruler to arrive in the city. Muslim settlements increased during the time ofShamsuddin Ilyas Shah, and many mosques and shrines were established. A Muslim saint,Khan Jahan Ali, acquired ajagir (fiefdom) encompassing a large part of Khulna Division from the king ofGauḍa during the 15th century and renamed the region as Jahanabad. Ali ruled until he died in 1459.[7]
After Ali's death, the city became part of theBengal Sultanate. During the reign ofDaud Khan Karrani in the 16th century, Vikramaditya (one of Karrani's chief ministers) obtained a grant in southern Bengal—including Khulna—when Karrani was fighting theMughals. Vikramaditya established a sovereign kingdom with its capital at Iswaripur (in present-daySatkhira District). He was succeeded by his son,Pratapaditya, who gained preeminence over theBaro-Bhuyans and controlled southern Bengal. Vikramaditya was defeated by RajaMan Singh I, a Hindu Rajput general of the Mughal emperorAkbar, in 1611.[8]
Khulna was ruled by autonomous Bengalinawabs until 1793 when the BritishEast India Company abolishednizamat (local rule) and took control of the city. Becoming part of Jessore District in 1842, it became the headquarters of Khulna District (the Khulna and Bagerhat subdivisions ofJashore District, the Satkhira subdivision of24 Parganas district, and the Sundarbans) in 1882.[8] Khulna had apouroshava (municipal council) in 1884, which became amunicipal corporation in 1984.
Before 19 August 1947, Khulna District was part of undivided Bengal. Khulna first declared itself as part of India in 1947, and the Indian flag was flown on 15 August. Syed Mohammad Abdul Halim (an official of the Bengali civil service) requested Khulna's inclusion in Pakistan, and the boundary commission declared that the city was part ofEast Bengal.Sher e Bangla A.K.Fazlul Haq, Muslim League leadersKhan A Sabur, AdvocateHamidul Haq Chowdhury, A. F. M. Abdul Jalil, and Abdul Mojid Khan were also involved in the process.
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During theBangladesh Liberation War, thePakistan Army created the 314thad hoc Brigade to hold Khulna.[9] The city'sMukti Bahini fighters were part ofsector 8 under the command of MajorAbu Osman Chowdhury and, later, under MajorMohammad Abdul Monjur.[10]
Khulna is Bangladesh's third-largest city, afterDhaka andChittagong. It is in the southwestern part of the country, on theRupsha andBhairab Rivers. Even though the city corporation area is 45.65 square Kilometres, The total city area covers 150.57 square kilometres (58.14 sq mi),[11] andKhulna District covers 4,394.46 square kilometres (1,696.71 sq mi). Khulna is south ofJessore andNarail District, east ofSatkhira District, west ofBagerhat and north of theBay of Bengal. It is part of theGanges Delta, the world's largestriver delta.Sundarbans, the world's largestmangrove forest, is in the southern part of the delta.Tidal-flat ecosystems are adjacent to the city.[12] Khulna is in the northern part of the district, and theMayur River is the western boundary of its metropolitan area.
In theKöppen climate classification, Khulna has atropical wet and dry climate. The city is hot and humid during summer, and pleasantly warm during winter. Khulna is significantly affected by theMonsoon of South Asia. Khulna gets less rainfall than other parts of Bangladesh due to its location and the effects of theSundarbans south of the city. Its annual average rainfall is 1,878.4 mm (73.95 in)h about 87 percent falling between May and October. Khulna also receives heavy rain fromcyclones which form in theBay of Bengal. The city has an annual average temperature of 26.3 °C (79.3 °F), with monthly averages ranging from 11.4 °C (52.5 °F) on January mornings to 34.6 °C (94.3 °F) during April afternoons.
| Climate data for Khulna (1991–2020, extremes 1921-present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 31.2 (88.2) | 36.2 (97.2) | 43.5 (110.3) | 40.7 (105.3) | 40.7 (105.3) | 39.0 (102.2) | 37.4 (99.3) | 36.5 (97.7) | 37.2 (99.0) | 36.5 (97.7) | 34.5 (94.1) | 30.7 (87.3) | 43.5 (110.3) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 25.1 (77.2) | 28.9 (84.0) | 32.9 (91.2) | 34.9 (94.8) | 35.0 (95.0) | 33.5 (92.3) | 32.3 (90.1) | 32.4 (90.3) | 32.7 (90.9) | 32.3 (90.1) | 30.1 (86.2) | 26.4 (79.5) | 31.4 (88.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 18.1 (64.6) | 22.0 (71.6) | 26.5 (79.7) | 29.2 (84.6) | 29.8 (85.6) | 29.5 (85.1) | 28.9 (84.0) | 29.0 (84.2) | 28.8 (83.8) | 27.7 (81.9) | 24.1 (75.4) | 19.6 (67.3) | 26.1 (79.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 12.4 (54.3) | 16.0 (60.8) | 20.9 (69.6) | 24.3 (75.7) | 25.5 (77.9) | 26.4 (79.5) | 26.4 (79.5) | 26.4 (79.5) | 26.1 (79.0) | 24.3 (75.7) | 19.5 (67.1) | 14.4 (57.9) | 21.9 (71.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 6.4 (43.5) | 9.0 (48.2) | 12.5 (54.5) | 16.0 (60.8) | 19.4 (66.9) | 19.2 (66.6) | 22.2 (72.0) | 22.2 (72.0) | 21.5 (70.7) | 18.3 (64.9) | 13.0 (55.4) | 8.0 (46.4) | 6.4 (43.5) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 14 (0.6) | 37 (1.5) | 39 (1.5) | 62 (2.4) | 179 (7.0) | 311 (12.2) | 369 (14.5) | 320 (12.6) | 285 (11.2) | 151 (5.9) | 35 (1.4) | 6 (0.2) | 1,808 (71.2) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 1 mm) | 1 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 11 | 17 | 23 | 21 | 17 | 9 | 2 | 1 | 114 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 78 | 74 | 73 | 76 | 79 | 85 | 87 | 86 | 87 | 84 | 80 | 79 | 81 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 220.1 | 229.7 | 254.2 | 249.6 | 237.2 | 157.5 | 137.7 | 146.9 | 160.0 | 216.6 | 234.5 | 217.8 | 2,461.8 |
| Source 1:NOAA[13] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Bangladesh Meteorological Department (humidity 1981–2010)[14][15] | |||||||||||||
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Khulna Municipal Council was founded on 12 December 1884. It became amunicipal corporation in 1984 and acity corporation in 1990.Khulna City Corporation (KCC) is a self-governing corporation run by an elected mayor, who governs the city's 31 wards.
TheKhulna Metropolitan Police (KMP) maintains law and order and regulates traffic in the metropolitan area. It has eight police stations:Khulna Kotwali Thana,Sonadanga Thana,Khalishpur Thana,Daulatpur Thana,Khan Jahan Ali Thana,Aranghata Thana,Harintana Thana andLabanchara Thana. The Metropolitan Magistrate Court (CMM) adjudicates the city's legal issues. TheKhulna Development Authority (KDA) plans and coordinates the city's development.Khulna Water Supply & Sewerage Authority (KWASA) parallels the KCC.
Khulna city area has two parliamentary seats. They are
Khulna is one of two principal naval command centers for theBangladesh Navy. TheBNS Titumir naval base is in the city.Jahanabad Cantonment, containing the Army Service Corps Center and School (ASCC&S) is situated in Gilatola area of the Khulna metropolitan.
AlsoKhulna Shipyard is a renowned military naval Institute in Khulna region
As of the 2022 census, Khulna City Corporation had 188,579 households and a population of 719,557. 14.97% of the population was under 10 years of age. Khulna had a literacy rate of 88.07% for those 7 years and older and a sex ratio of 102.91 males per 100 females.[16]
In the2011 census, Khulna City Corporation had a population of 751,237 in 177,852 households. Khulna had a sex ratio of 923 females to 1000 males and a literacy rate of 72.7%.[17]
Like the rest of Bangladesh, most of the city's population isBengali. Khulna's native residents are known as Khulnaiya. Its population also consists of people from neighboring districts.
Most residents speakBengali (the national language), its dialects, and regional languages. English is understood by a large segment of the population, especially in business. An Urdu-speaking population, descendants of Muslims displaced from Bihar in 1947 who sought refuge inEast Bengal, lives in the city's Khalishpur area.
| Religion | Percent | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Islam | 89.06% | |||
| Hinduism | 9.86% | |||
| Christianity | 1.04% | |||
| Other or not stated | 0.02% | |||
Islam is Khulna's major religion, practiced by 89.06% of the population. Other religions areHinduism (practiced by 9.86%), andChristianity (1.04%).[16]
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Khulna is Bangladesh's third-largest economic center. North of thePort of Mongla, it has a variety of industries. Major sectors arejute,chemicals, fish and seafood packaging,food processing, sugar milling, power generation andshipbuilding. The Khulna Chamber of Commerce and Industry (KCCI) regulates commerce through its Licensed Measurers' Department (LMD) and certification, attestation, and publicity departments. The region has anExport Processing Zone, attracting foreign investment. The city is home to branch offices of several national companies, includingM. M. Ispahani Limited,BEXIMCO,James Finlay Bangladesh,Summit Power and the Abul Khair Group. Khulna's largest companies includeKhulna Shipyard,Bangladesh Cable Shilpa Limited, Bangladesh Oxygen, Platinum Jubilee Mills, Star Jute Mills, and the Khulna Oxygen Company.
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Rickshaws are the most popular means of public transport in Khulna for short trips, andauto rickshaws are also common. Nagar Paribahan buses have frequent service betweenRupsha andPhultala, with stops throughout Khulna. Motorcycles are popular among the middle class, but wealthier people prefer a private car.
TheN7 highway connects Khulna with the rest of Bangladesh, and theKhulna City Bypass is a major road. TheN760 connectsSatkhira and western Khulna Districts. There are several nationwide bus services available in Khulna (most privately owned), and theBangladesh Road Transport Corporation operates inter-district buses from the city. Sonadanga Bus Terminal is Khulna's main bus terminal. Major bus routes include Khulna-Jessore-Dhaka; Khulna-Goplaganj-Dhaka; Khulna-Jessore-Kushtia; Khulna-Satkhira; Khulna-Bagerhat; Khulna-Mongla; Khulna-Narail; Khulna-Barisal; Khulna-Rajshahi; Khulna-Faridpur; Khulna-Kuakata, and Khulna-Dhaka-Chittagong.
Khulna Railway Station is the city's main station.Bangladesh Railway operates six intercity trains: theSundarban andChitra Expresses (toDhaka), theKapotaksha and Sagardari Expresses (toRajshahi), and theRupsa andSeemanta Expresses toChilahati. Two commuter express trains serveBenapole, in addition to mail trains toParbatipur,Chapainawabganj andGoalanda. The internationalBandhan Express runs toKolkata. The city has four other railway stations, and two more (in addition to theRupsha Rail Bridge) are newly inaugurated as part of theKhulna–Mongla Port Railway project.
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Jashore Airport, 50 kilometres (31 mi) north of Khulna, has flights toDhaka onBiman Bangladesh Airlines,US-Bangla Airlines andNovoair, with air-conditioned bus service from the airport to the city.Khan Jahan Ali Airport, is an airport under construction near Khulna city to serve Khulna region.[18]
Several passenger launches and cargo services operate from theBangladesh Inland Water Transport Authority launch terminal in the city.
There is public transportation in Khulna city through the mid 19's. Buses of that urban transportation of Khulna city were called 'Murir Tin'. Today besides the urban transportation buses,Cycle rickshaw,auto rickshaws are playing a vital role in transport within Khulna city and the adjoining metro area. Famous ride sharing services likeUber,Pathao,Obhai also available in the city.There are also bus and mini-bus services on some routes, connecting suburban areas of the city. Plenty of rental car agencies operate within the city and metro area, where sedans, SUVs, and micro-buses are available to hire hourly or daily.
Educational institutions in the city includeKhulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET). The university, earlier known as Bangladesh Institute of Technology, Khulna, is the only engineering university in Khulna and was listed in the 2019 edition ofQS Asian University Rankings.[19]Brajalal College, founded in 1902, is the city's oldest higher-education institution.[20]Khulna University is the only public university in Bangladesh where student politics is prohibited.[21] There is also an agriculture university, namedKhulna Agricultural University (KAU) was founded in 2019.[22]Khulna Medical University andKhulna Medical College (KMC) are public medical institutions, whileNorth Western University, Bangladesh (NWU) and the Northern University of Business & Technology (NUBT) and Khan Bahadur Ahsanullah University,these universities are private.Bangladesh Army University of Science and Technology is also a renowned private university in Khulna. High schools in Khulna include:
Cricket andfootball are the two most popular sports in Khulna, and theKhulna Division cricket team's home ground is in the city. Khulna's cricketBangladesh Premier LeagueKhulna Titans was formerly the Khulna Royal Bengals. The Khulna Abahani Club played in theBangladesh Football Premier League for several seasons before its relegation in the2008–09 season.
Sheikh Abu Naser Stadium, the city's international sports venue (hostingtest cricket,One Day International andTwenty20 International matches), became Bangladesh's seventh test-cricket venue on 21 November 2012; it also hosts several Bangladesh Premier League matches.[29]Khulna District Stadium hosts other domestic sports and cultural events.
Print media include theDaily Purbanchal,Daily Janmabhumi,Daily Shomoyer Khobor andDakhinanchal Protidin. TheDaily Tribune is the only English-language newspaper. Electronic media include theKhulna Gazette,[30]Protidin Shebok,[31]Shomoyer Khobor.[32] Radio stations areBangladesh Betar Khulna,Radio Today (89.6 MHz),Radio Foorti (88.0), and Radio Khulna FM (88.8).
State-ownedBangladesh Television has arelay station in theKhalishpur Thana of Khulna, established in 1977. There were several attempts at converting it to a full-fledged television station, but this has not been successful as of today.[33] Privately ownedEkushey Television, which formerly broadcast on terrestrial, had a station in Khulna which broadcast on VHF channel 8 as of August 2002.[34]
TheSundarbans, in Khulna District, is home to theBengal tiger and the world's largest virgin mangrove forest. It is aUNESCO World Heritage Site.[35] TheMosque City of Bagerhat, inBagerhat District about 15 miles (24 km) south-east of Khulna, is also a World Heritage Site.[36]
Rabindra Complex is in the village ofDakkhindihi, 19 kilometres (12 mi) from Khulna. Tagore visited the home ofRabindranath Tagore's father-in-law, Beni Madhab Roy Chowdhury, several times. The museum has been renovated and is administered by Bangladesh'sDepartment of Archaeology.[37] TheKhulna Divisional Museum, founded in 1998, was established by the country's Department of Archaeology.
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