Hotan Khotan, Hetian | |
|---|---|
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  Hotan Location in Xinjiang Show map of Xinjiang Hotan Hotan (China) Show map of China.png) Hotan Hotan (Continental Asia) Show map of Continental Asia | |
| Coordinates:37°07′N79°55′E / 37.117°N 79.917°E /37.117; 79.917 | |
| Country | China |
| Autonomous region | Xinjiang |
| Prefecture | Hotan |
| Municipal seat | Nurbagh Subdistrict |
| Area | |
• Total | 465.84 km2 (179.86 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 1,382 m (4,534 ft) |
| Population (2020)[2] | |
• Total | 501,028 |
| • Density | 1,100/km2 (2,800/sq mi) |
| Demographics | |
| • Ethnic groups |
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| • Spoken languages | Uyghur,Mandarin Chinese |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard[a]) |
| Postal code | 839000 |
| Area code | 0903 |
| GDP (Nominal)[3] | 2018 |
| – Total | ¥8.274 billion $1.247 billion |
| – Per Capita | ¥20,399 $3,076 |
| – Growth |  7.1% |
| License plate prefix | 新R |
| Website | Hotan Government Website(in Chinese) |
| Hotan | |||||||||||||||
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| Uyghur name | |||||||||||||||
| Uyghur | خوتەن | ||||||||||||||
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| Chinese name | |||||||||||||||
| Chinese | 和田 | ||||||||||||||
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| Alternative Chinese name | |||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 和阗 | ||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 和闐 | ||||||||||||||
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| Second alternative Chinese name | |||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 于窴 | ||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 于窴 | ||||||||||||||
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| Kazakh name | |||||||||||||||
| Kazakh | حوتان قالاسى Хотан қаласы Hotan qalasy | ||||||||||||||
| Kyrgyz name | |||||||||||||||
| Kyrgyz | حوتەن شاارى Хотан шаары Hotan şaary | ||||||||||||||
Hotan (also known byother names) is a majoroasis town in southwesternXinjiang, anautonomous region inNorthwestern China. The city proper of Hotan broke off from the largerHotan County to become an administrative area in its own right in August 1984. It is the seat ofHotan Prefecture.
With a population of 408,900 (2018 census),[4] Hotan is situated in theTarim Basin some 1,500 kilometres (930 mi) southwest of the regional capital,Ürümqi. It lies just north of theKunlun Mountains, which are crossed by theSanju,Hindutash and Ilchi passes. The town, located southeast ofYarkant County and populated almost exclusively byUyghurs, is a minor agricultural center. An important station on the southern branch of the historicSilk Road, Hotan has always depended on two strong rivers, theKarakash River and theWhite Jade River, to provide the water needed to survive on the southwestern edge of the vastTaklamakan Desert. The White Jade River still provides water and irrigation for the town and oasis.[5][6]
Hotan and its surrounding area were originally known asGodana in ancientSanskrit cosmological texts.[7] The Chinese transcribed the name as于窴, pronouncedGudana inMiddle Chinese (Yutian in modernStandard Chinese); the pronunciation eventually morphed intoKhotan. In the 7th century, the Chinese Buddhist monk and scholarXuanzang attempted to remedy this lexical change. Xuanzang, who was well-versed in Sanskrit, proposed that the traditional name was in factKustana (गौस्तन) and asserted it meant "breast of the earth". However, this was likely borrowed from theTibetan name for the region,Gosthana, which means "land of cows". It is therefore most likely that the original name of Hotan was Sanskritic in origin, a consequence of ancient Indian settlement in the region.[8][9]
An alternative etymology is proposed byHarold Walter Bailey, an expert in theKhotanese language. He believes the oldest indigenous name to beHvatana.[10]
Hotan was known to 19th-century European explorers asIlchi.
The official Uyghur-to-Latin transliteration, and therefore English spelling, of the modern city's name is "Hotan" according to theRegister of Chinese Geographic Places.[11] TheHanyu pinyin romanizationHetian has been used on some maps and by some airports. The city's former Chinese name was written with a different character fortian (simplified Chinese:阗;traditional Chinese:闐;pinyin:tián).
The oasis of Hotan is strategically located at the junction of the southern (and most ancient) branch of theSilk Road joining China and the West with one of the main routes from ancientIndia andTibet toCentral Asia and distant China. It provided a convenient meeting place where not only goods, but technologies, philosophies, and religions were transmitted from one culture to another.
Tocharians lived in this region over 2000 years ago. Several of theTarim mummies were found in the region. At Sampul, east of the city of Hotan, there is an extensive series of cemeteries scattered over an area about 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) wide and 23 km (14 mi) long. The excavated sites range from about 300 BCE to 100 CE. The excavated graves have produced a number of fabrics offelt,wool,silk andcotton and even a fine bit of tapestry, theSampul tapestry, showing the face of aCaucasoid man which was made of threads of 24 shades of color. The tapestry had been cut up and fashioned into trousers worn by one of the deceased. An Anthropological study of 56 individuals showed a primarily Caucasoid population.[12][13] A study in 2010 showed that an Eastern Eurasian lineage common in Siberia dominates themitochondrial DNA of the mummies from theXiaohe Cemetery. TheirY chromosome is distributed throughout Eastern Europe, South Asia, Central Asia, and Siberia.[14]
There is a relative abundance of information on Hotan readily available for study. The main historical sources are to be found in the Chinese histories (particularly detailed during theHan[15] and earlyTang dynasties) when China was interested in control of theWestern Regions, the accounts of several Chinese pilgrimmonks,[16] a few Buddhist histories of Hotan that have survived inClassical Tibetan and a large number of documents in the IranianSaka language and other languages discovered, for the most part, early this century at various sites in the Tarim Basin and from the hidden library at theMogao Caves nearDunhuang.
In the Hellenistic period, there was anIndo-Greek colony in Khotan.[17]
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The ancient Kingdom of Khotan was one of the earliest Buddhist states in the world and a cultural bridge across which Buddhist culture and learning were transmitted from India to China.[18] Its capital was located to the west of the modern city of Hotan. The inhabitants of the Kingdom of Khotan, like those of earlyKashgar andYarkant, spokeSaka, one of theEastern Iranian languages. Khotan's indigenous dynasty (all of whose royal names are Indian in origin) governed a fervently Buddhist city-state boasting some 400 temples in the late 9th/early 10th century—four times the number recorded byXuanzang around 630. The kingdom was independent but was intermittently under Chinese control during the Han and Tang dynasties.
After the Tang dynasty, Khotan formed an alliance with the rulers of Dunhuang. Khotan enjoyed close relations with the Buddhist centre at Dunhuang: the Khotanese royal family intermarried with Dunhuang élites, visited and patronized Dunhuang's Buddhist temple complex, and donated money to have their portraits painted on the walls of the Mogao grottos. Through the 10th century, Khotanese royal portraits were painted in association with an increasing number of deities in the caves. Besides this, a particular site,Melikawat functioned as a major Buddhist center in theKingdom of Khotan.
In the 10th century, Khotan began a struggle with theKara-Khanid Khanate, a Turkic state.[19] The Kara-Khanid ruler,Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan, had converted toIslam:
Satuq's son, Musa, began to put pressure on Khotan in the mid-10th century, and sometime before 1006 Yusuf Qadir Khan ofKashgar besieged and took the city. This conquest of Buddhist Khotan by the Muslim Turks—about which there are many colourful legends—marked another watershed in the Islamicisation and Turkicisation of theTarim Basin, and an end to local autonomy of this southern Tarim city state.[20]
Some Khotanese Buddhist works were unearthed.[21][22][23]
The rulers of Khotan were aware of the menace they faced since they arranged for the Mogao grottoes to paint a growing number of divine figures along with themselves. Halfway in the 10th century Khotan came under attack by the Qarakhanid ruler Musa, and in what proved to be a pivotal moment in theTurkification and Islamification of the Tarim Basin, the Karakhanid leader Yusuf Qadir Khan conquered Khotan around 1006.[24]
Yūsuf Qadr Khān was a brother or cousin of the Muslim ruler of Kashgar andBalasagun, Khotan lost its independence and between 1006 and 1165, became part of theKara-Khanid Khanate. Later it fell to theKara-Khitan Khanate, after which it was ruled by theMongols.
WhenMarco Polo visited Khotan in the 13th century, he noted that the people were all Muslim. He wrote that:
Khotan was "a province eight days’ journey in extent, which is subject to theGreat Khan. The inhabitants all worshipMahomet. It has cities and towns in plenty, of which the most splendid, and the capital of the province, bears the same name as that of the province…It is amply stocked with the means of life. Cotton grows here in plenty. It has vineyards, estates and orchards in plenty. The people live by trade and industry; they are not at all warlike".[25][26]
TheQing dynasty of China conquered theDzungar Khanate during the final stage of theDzungar–Qing Wars in the late 1750s. By 1760, Hotan became the territory of the Qing dynasty along with the rest of Xinjiang.[27] The town suffered severely during theDungan Revolt (1862–1877) against the Qing rule and again a few years later whenYaqub Beg ofKashgar made himself master of Kashgaria,[28][29] ruling the newly founded Turkic state known at the time asYettishar.[30][31] However, Xinjiang wasreconquered by the Qing dynasty by 1877 and was converted into a province in 1884.[27]
Qing imperial authority collapsed in 1912. During theRepublican era in China, warlords and local ethnic self-determination movements wrestled over control of Xinjiang.Abdullah Bughra,Nur Ahmad Jan Bughra, andMuhammad Amin Bughra declared themselves Emirs of Khotan during theKumul Rebellion.Tunganistan was an independent administered region in the southern part of Xinjiang from 1934 to 1937. The territory included the oases of the southern Tarim Basin; the centre of the region was Khotan. Beginning with theIslamic rebellion in 1937, Hotan and the rest of the province came under the control of warlordSheng Shicai. Sheng was later ousted by theKuomintang.[citation needed]
Shortly after the Communists won the civil war in 1949, Hotan was incorporated into the People's Republic of China.
In 1983/4, the urban area of Hotan was administratively split from the largerHotan County, and from then on governed as a county-level city.[1][32]
On July 11, 2006, the townships ofJiya and Yurungqash (Yulongkashi) inLop County and Tusalla (Tushala) inHotan County were transferred to Hotan City.[1]
Following theJuly 2009 Ürümqi riots, ethnic tensions rose in Xinjiang and in Hotan in particular. As a result, the city has seen occasional bouts of violence. In June 2011, Hotan opened its firstpassenger-train service toKashgar, which was established as aspecial economic zone following the riots. In July of the same year, abomb and knife attack occurred on the city's central thoroughfare. In June 2011, authorities in Hotan Prefecture sentenced Uyghur Muslim Hebibullah Ibrahim to ten years imprisonment for selling "illegal religious materials".[33][34] In June 2012,Tianjin Airlines Flight 7554 was hijacked en route from Hotan to Ürümqi.
In a report from theUyghur American Association, in June 2012, notice was said to be given that police planned to undertake a search of every residence in Gujanbagh (Gujiangbage), Hotan. Hotan is the last municipality in Xinjiang with a majority Ugyhur presence in the core of the city. The UAA viewed this as an attempt to systematically intimidate the Uyghur population in Hotan.[35][better source needed]
The Sultanim Cemetery (37°07′02″N79°56′04″E / 37.11722°N 79.93444°E /37.11722; 79.93444) in central Hotan was a historical Uyghur graveyard that also included a religious shrine. According to a 2019 interview by theUyghur Human Rights Project, the cemetery entombed four commanders of Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan, who conquered the city around 960 CE and spread Islam. Due to space limitations after over a thousand years of burials, multiple bodies had to reuse the same grave, and additionals layers were dug underneath old ones.[36] Between 2018 and 2019, thecemetery was demolished and the western part of the land turned into a parking lot.[37][38][39][40]
Hotan has atemperate zone,colddesert climate (KöppenBWk), with a mean annual total of only 36.5 millimetres (1.44 in) of precipitation falling on 17.3 days of the year. Due to its southerly location in Xinjiang just north of theKunlun Mountains, during winter it is one of the warmest locations in the region, with average high temperatures remaining above freezing throughout the year. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −3.9 °C (25.0 °F) in January to 25.8 °C (78.4 °F) in July, and the annual mean is 13.03 °C (55.5 °F). Thediurnal temperature variation is not large for a desert, averaging 11.8 °C (21.2 °F) annually. Although no month averages less than half of possible sunshine, the city only receives 2,587 hours of bright sunshine annually, which is on the low end for Xinjiang; monthly percent possible sunshine ranges from 50% in March to 75% in October.
| Climate data for Hotan, elevation 1,375 m (4,511 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–2020) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 20.5 (68.9) | 22.0 (71.6) | 30.6 (87.1) | 35.4 (95.7) | 37.6 (99.7) | 39.8 (103.6) | 41.4 (106.5) | 40.2 (104.4) | 35.9 (96.6) | 31.1 (88.0) | 25.4 (77.7) | 18.3 (64.9) | 41.4 (106.5) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 1.2 (34.2) | 7.3 (45.1) | 16.7 (62.1) | 24.1 (75.4) | 28.1 (82.6) | 31.2 (88.2) | 32.9 (91.2) | 31.6 (88.9) | 27.6 (81.7) | 21.0 (69.8) | 12.1 (53.8) | 3.4 (38.1) | 19.8 (67.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −3.8 (25.2) | 1.9 (35.4) | 10.6 (51.1) | 17.6 (63.7) | 21.6 (70.9) | 24.8 (76.6) | 26.4 (79.5) | 25.2 (77.4) | 21.0 (69.8) | 14.0 (57.2) | 5.7 (42.3) | −1.7 (28.9) | 13.6 (56.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −7.9 (17.8) | −2.8 (27.0) | 5.1 (41.2) | 11.8 (53.2) | 15.8 (60.4) | 19.3 (66.7) | 21.0 (69.8) | 20.0 (68.0) | 15.5 (59.9) | 8.0 (46.4) | 0.8 (33.4) | −5.7 (21.7) | 8.4 (47.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −21.0 (−5.8) | −19.3 (−2.7) | −7.0 (19.4) | −0.2 (31.6) | 4.3 (39.7) | 9.5 (49.1) | 12.2 (54.0) | 10.2 (50.4) | 4.3 (39.7) | −2.1 (28.2) | −12.3 (9.9) | −19.3 (−2.7) | −21.0 (−5.8) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 1.9 (0.07) | 2.1 (0.08) | 3.1 (0.12) | 3.4 (0.13) | 7.3 (0.29) | 10.4 (0.41) | 6.1 (0.24) | 6.0 (0.24) | 4.5 (0.18) | 1.2 (0.05) | 1.1 (0.04) | 1.5 (0.06) | 48.6 (1.91) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 2.6 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 2.4 | 3.7 | 3.2 | 2.2 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 1.8 | 21.6 |
| Average snowy days | 5.0 | 2.6 | 0.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.6 | 3.8 | 12.6 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 53 | 42 | 29 | 27 | 33 | 36 | 40 | 42 | 41 | 37 | 41 | 53 | 40 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 175.4 | 176.0 | 208.5 | 225.0 | 263.8 | 263.2 | 246.0 | 231.0 | 240.4 | 267.3 | 222.4 | 183.2 | 2,702.2 |
| Percentagepossible sunshine | 57 | 57 | 55 | 57 | 60 | 60 | 56 | 56 | 66 | 79 | 74 | 62 | 62 |
| Source:China Meteorological Administration[41][42][43]NOAA[44] | |||||||||||||
The city includes foursubdistricts, threetowns, fivetownships and two other areas:[1][45][46]
| Name | Simplified Chinese | Hanyu Pinyin | Uyghur (UEY) | Uyghur Latin (ULY) | Administrative division code | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subdistricts | |||||||
| Nurbagh Subdistrict (Nurbag) | 努尔巴格街道 (奴尔巴格街道[47]) | Nǔ'ěrbāgé Jiēdào | نۇرباغ كوچا باشقارمىسى | nurbagh kocha bashqarmisi | 653201001 | ||
| Gujanbagh Subdistrict | 古江巴格街道 | Gǔjiāngbāgé Jiēdào | گۇجانباغ كوچا باشقارمىسى | gujanbagh kocha bashqarmisi | 653201002 | ||
| Gulbagh Subdistrict | 古勒巴格街道 | Gǔlèbāgé Jiēdào | گۈلباغ كوچا باشقارمىسى | gülbagh kocha bashqarmisi | 653201003 | ||
| Narbagh Subdistrict | 纳尔巴格街道 | Nà'ěrbāgé Jiēdào | نارباغ كوچا باشقارمىسى | narbagh kocha bashqarmisi | 653201004 | ||
| Towns | |||||||
| Laskuy Town | 拉斯奎镇 | Lāsīkuí Zhèn | لاسكۇي بازىرى | laskuy baziri | 653201100 | ||
| Yurungqash Town[48] | 玉龙喀什镇 | Yùlóngkāshí Zhèn | يۇرۇڭقاش بازىرى | yurungqash baziri | 653201101 | ||
| Tusalla Town | 吐沙拉镇 | Tǔshālā Zhèn | تۇساللا بازىرى | tusalla baziri | 653201102 | formerly Tusalla Township (تۇساللا يېزىسى,吐沙拉乡) | |
| Townships | |||||||
| Shorbagh Township | 肖尔巴格乡 | Xiào'ěrbāgé Xiāng | شورباغ يېزىسى | shorbagh yëzisi | 653201200 | ||
| Ilchi Township | 伊里其乡 | Yīlǐqí Xiāng | ئىلچى يېزىسى | Ilchi yëzisi | 653201201 | ||
| Gujanbagh Township | 古江巴格乡 | Gǔjiāngbāgé Xiāng | گۇجانباغ يېزىسى | gujanbagh yëzisi | 653201202 | ||
| Jiya Township | 吉亚乡 | Jíyà Xiāng | جىيا يېزىسى | jiya yëzisi | 653201204 | ||
| Aqchal Township | 阿克恰勒乡 | Ākèqiàlè Xiāng | ئاقچال يېزىسى | Aqchal yëzisi | 653201205 | ||
Others:
Hotan is largely dominated by the Uyghurs, and as of 2015, 311,050 of the 348,289 residents of the county wereUyghur, 35,897 wereHan Chinese and 1,342 were from other ethnic groups.[49]
In 1940,Owen Lattimore quoted the population of Khotan to be estimated as 26,000.[50]
In 1998 the urban population was recorded at 154,352, 83% of which were Uyghurs, and 17% were Han Chinese.[51]
In 1999, 83.01% of the population was Uyghur and 16.57% of the population was Han Chinese.[52]
In the 2000 census, the population was recorded as 186,123. In the 2010 census figure, the figure had risen to 322,300. The increase in population is partly due to boundary changes.[53]
Hetian Kungang Airport (IATA:HTN) serves the city. It serves regional flights toÜrümqi. Originally a military use airport, it was expanded significantly in 2002 to accommodate higher passenger volumes. It is located 12 km (7.5 mi) south of the city proper.
Hotan is served byChina National Highway 315, which runs along the southern Tarim Basin from Ruoqiang to Kashgar, and the Trans-Taklamakan Desert Highway, which run north to Luntai. An expressway is being built between Hotan andKarakax County (Moyu) as of 2014.
Hotan is connected to the rest of China's rail network via theKashgar–Hotan Railway, which opened to freight traffic in December 2010, and passenger service in June 2011. The railway station was constructed by a company under theXinjiang Production and Construction Corps, and is located in the town of Lasqi (拉斯奎) northwest of the city proper. Passenger train service on this line is limited, with only one train per day, local service 5828/5825, linking the city with Kashgar (8~ hours) and Ürümqi (~34 hours).
Regular bus services link Hotan with Kashgar. There is also an express bus to Aksu via the 430 km (270 mi) 'Hotan-Aksu Cross-Desert Highway' which was opened in 2007, travels alongside the intermittentHotan River, and which takes about 5 or 6 hours. This same bus then goes on to Urumchi taking a total of about 21 hours from Hotan.[54]
As of 1885[update], there was about 100,000 acres (662,334mu) of cultivated land in Khotan.[55]
Chinese historical sources indicate that Hotan was the main source of thenephrite jade used inancient China. For several hundred years, until they were defeated by theXiongnu in 176 BCE, the trade of Khotanese jade into China was controlled by the nomadicYuezhi. The Chinese still refer to the Yurungkash as theWhite Jade River, alluding to the whitejade recovered from itsalluvial deposits. The light-colored jade is called "Mutton fat" jade. Most of the jade is now gone, with only a few kilos of good quality jade found yearly. Some is still mined in theKunlun Mountains to the south in the summer,[56] but it is generally of poorer quality than that found in the rivers.[57][58]
Khotanese textiles were mentioned byXuanzang, who visited the oasis in 644 CE. In his Biography it is stated: "It produced carpets and fine felt, and the felt-makers also spun coarse and fine silk."[59]
Ancient Chinese-Khotanese relations were so close that the oasis emerged as one of the earliest centres of silk manufacture outside China. There are good reasons to believe that the silk-producing industry flourished in Hotan as early as the 5th century.[60] According to one story, a Chinese princess given in marriage to a Khotan prince brought to the oasis the secret of silk-manufacture, "hidingsilkworms in her hair as part of her dowry", probably in the first half of the 1st century CE.[61][62] It was from Khotan that the eggs of silkworms were smuggled toIran, reachingJustinian I'sConstantinople in 551.[63]
Silk production is still a major industry employing more than a thousand workers and producing some 150 million metres of silk annually. Silk weaving byUyghur women is a thrivingcottage industry, some of it produced using traditional methods.[56]
Atlas is the fabric used for traditional Uyghur clothing worn by Uyghur women. It is soft, light and graceful tie-dyed silk fabric. It comes various colors, the brighter and rich colors are for small children to young ladies. The gray and dark colors are for elderly women.
The oldest piece ofkilim which we have any knowledge was obtained by the archaeological explorerAurel Stein; a fragment from an ancient settlement near Hotan, which was buried by sand drifts about the fourth century CE. The weave is almost identical with that of modern kilims.
Hotanese pile carpets are still highly prized and form an important export.[64][65]
1984年和田县析置和田市。{...}2003年，和田市总面积155.04平方千米，{...}2006年7月11日，洛浦县吉亚乡、玉龙喀什镇与和田县吐沙拉乡正式划归和田市管辖。两乡一镇划归和田市管辖后，和田市管辖区域变为五乡、两镇、一个管理区、一个工业园区和四个街道办事处。和田市的行政区域面积由155.04平方千米扩大至465.84平方千米，{...}2010年第六次人口普查，和田市常住总人口322300人，其中：奴尔巴格街道24134人，古江巴格街道34567人，古勒巴格街道27919人，纳尔巴格街道37338人，拉斯奎镇25231人，玉龙喀什镇22614人，肖尔巴格乡39331人，伊里其乡22646人，古江巴格乡13680人，吐沙拉乡48468人，吉亚乡22071人，阿合恰管理区4301人。
The creation of the Islamic State of Yettishar (1865 – 1878), with its capital at Kashgar, which is in present-day Xinjiang, came about as the result of a series of uprisings in Xinjiang.
和田地区行署驻此。{...}1983年由和田县析置。
Authorities in the city of Hotan in the ethnically troubled Xinjiang region have handed a 10-year jail term to a Uyghur man convicted of selling "illegal religious materials" ahead of a sensitive anniversary. The sentence was passed on Sunday by the Hotan Municipal People's Court on Hebibullah Ibrahim, the People's Daily online news site reported.
The Sultanim Cemetery has a history of over 1,000 years. King Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan of the Kara-Khanid Khanate (999–1211) conquered Hotan (the Buddhist Kingdom Udun at that time), and spread Islam around 960 AD. During the conquest, four Kara-khan commanders, including Prince Sultan Kilich Khan, were killed and Muslims buried them at this location. Since then, the cemetery has been known as Sultanim Maziri (My Sultan Shrine) and became one of the most important cemeteries among Uyghur Muslims who have paid their respects here for over 1,000 years. In the center, the four commanders' graves were still there until China completely bulldozed the entire cemetery in 2019. Many religious leaders, scholars and other important people in Hotan's far and recent history have been buried in this cemetery.
The Sultanim Cemetery in the center of Hotan City is one of the most famous ancient cemeteries in Xinjiang. It was destroyed between January to March 2019.
Before After
Cemetery demolished
The site of Sultanim cemetery in Hotan, Xinjiang, in December, 2018 and March 2019.
37°7′2.13″N 79°56′2.96″E
Satellite imagery with a comparative analysis of Sultanim Cemetery in Hotan city, in China's northwest Xinjiang province.
统计用区划代码 名称 653201001000 努尔巴格街道办事处 653201002000 古江巴格街道办事处 653201003000 古勒巴格街道办事处 653201004000 纳尔巴格街道办事处 653201100000 拉斯奎镇 653201101000 玉龙喀什镇 653201102000 吐沙拉镇 653201200000 肖尔巴格乡 653201201000 伊里其乡 653201202000 古江巴格乡 653201204000 吉亚乡 653201205000 阿克恰勒乡 653201401000 北京工业园区 653201402000 和田市京和物流园区
辖6乡2镇，4个街道办事处和1个工业园区
Yusan Hasan from Yurungqash Town, Hotan City
Khotan, 1600 sq. km., city population 26,000
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