| Khorasan Group | |
|---|---|
| خراسان(in Arabic) | |
 TheShahada flag commonly used by al-Qaeda, the parent organization of Khorasan | |
| Leaders |
|
| Dates of operation | March 2012 – 2017[1] |
| Headquarters |
|
| Active regions |  NorthwesternSyria |
| Ideology | Salafism |
| Size | 50[12] |
| Part of |  al-Qaeda
|
| Allies |  al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula(2012–present) Jund al-Aqsa(2014–17)[10] |
| Opponents |  U.S. Armed Forces European Union Ba'athist Syria[14] Russian Armed Forces |
| Battles and wars | Syrian Civil War Military intervention against ISIL |
TheKhorasan group, sometimes known simply asKhorasan, was an alleged group of senioral-Qaeda members operating inSyria.[15] The group was reported to consist of a small number of fighters who are all on terrorist watchlists, and coordinated withal-Nusra Front, al-Qaeda's official affiliate in Syria. At an intelligence gathering in Washington, D.C., on 18 September 2014,Director of National IntelligenceJames Clapper stated that "in terms of threat to the homeland, Khorasan may pose as much of a danger asISIS."[16]
The term first appeared in news media in September 2014, although the United States had reportedly been keeping track of the group for two years.[17] By early November 2014, the term had disappeared from political rhetoric.[18] Commentators have stated that the threat the Khorasan Group represented was exaggerated to generate public support forAmerican intervention in Syria, and some have questioned whether the group even exists as a distinct entity.[19]
On 28 May 2015, al-Nusra Front leaderAbu Mohammad al-Golani explicitly denied the existence of the supposed Khorasan group.[20] The al-Nusra Front had received specific orders since at least early 2015 from al-Qaeda leaderAyman al-Zawahiri to cease any activities related to attacking Western targets.[21]
In July 2015, both Muhsin al-Fadhli, said to be the operational leader of the group, and chief bombmaker David Drugeon, were killed by 2 US airstrikes.[22][23] After their deaths, FBI Director James Comey stated that the Khorasan group had become diminished, and that ISIL was now a bigger threat to the US.[24]
On 15 October 2015, a Coalition airstrike in northwest Syria killed Abdul Mohsen Adballah Ibrahim al Charekh (a.k.a. Sanafi al-Nasr), who was then the highest ranking leader of the Khorasan group.[25] He was the deputy leader of Khorasan before Muhsin al-Fadhli's death.[26]
Beginning in January 2017, it was reported that the US no longer referred to Khorasan fighters specifically, and that US officials no longer attempted to distinguish between Khorasan and al-Nusra Front militants, instead, labeling them all collectively as "al-Qaeda". Around this time, the US significantly increased the number of its airstrikes against al-Nusra Front and other al-Qaeda-affiliated targets.[27][28] After January 2017, the fate of the group was uncertain, as it had few fighters.
Khorasan refers to a region including parts of Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, and Iran. The U.S. intelligence community coined the term "Khorasan group" in reference to the Khorasan Shura, the leadership council withinal-Qaeda believed to have been hiding in the Afghanistan-Pakistan area.[15][29]
TheUnited States Central Command (CENTCOM) described the Khorasan Group as a "network ofNusrah Front andal-Qa'ida core extremists who share a history of training operatives, facilitating fighters and money, and planning attacks against U.S. and Western targets."[30]Patrick Ryder of CENTCOM defined the Khorasan Group "as a network of veteran al-Qaeda operations who were plotting external attacks against the United States and our allies."[31] TheLong War Journal described the Khorasan Group as "a collection of al-Qaeda operatives sent to Syria to perform various functions, including laying the groundwork for external operations against the West."[32]
According to a source close to Nusra Front leadership, the Khorasan Group (KG) numbered several dozen experienced jihadists who had come from Afghanistan to Syria during theSyrian Civil War. The presence of these veterans was symbolic, as they were all wanted terrorists by the United States and directly followed al-Qaeda leadership.[15][33] A U.S. intelligence source indicated the group numbered about 50 members.[12] Members of the group were said to have worked with bomb-makers fromYemen to target civilian aircraft heading to the United States.[34]
The group found sanctuary in Idlib Province and the surrounding areas.[35]
KG militants came from both the Nusra Front and theIslamic State.[31] The cadre in the Khorasan Group was differentiated from the broader group of senior al-Qaeda leaders and operatives in Syria, such asAbu Firas al-Suri,Ahmed Refai Taha, andAhmad Salama Mabruk.[32]
According to US officials, the organization was led byMohammed Islambouli, whose brotherKhalid Islambouli assassinated Egyptian PresidentAnwar Sadat in 1981.[1][2] Another Khorasan Group member,Abu Yusuf Al-Turki, was reported to have been killed on 23 September 2014 by US airstrikes in Syria.
Notable members included:
| Name | Citizenship | Details | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sanafi al-Nasr | Saudi | Senior al-Qaeda financial official, including a stint as al-Qaeda's chief financial officer in 2012. Played role in Khorasan Group's finances and facilitating routes for recruits to travel from Pakistan to Syria via Turkey. He also moved funds from thePersian Gulf into Iraq, then to al-Qaeda leaders. | [4] |
| Muhsin al-Fadhli | Kuwaiti | Prominent al-Qaeda member who went toIran after theUS invasion of Afghanistan. In charge of KG's external operations. | [3][1] |
| David Drugeon | French | Bombmaker | [17][35] |
| Abu Yusuf Al-Turki | Turkish | Senior KG figure | [36] |
There are indications that some members of the Khorasan Group (including Abu Yusuf Al-Turki) were part of an elite sniper subunit of the al-Nusra Front that was known as the "Wolf Group".[37]
The Khorasan Group's existence was first publicly acknowledged in mid-September 2014, when U.S. Director of national IntelligenceJames Clapper indicated it was operating in Syria and Iraq and was actively planning external operations against the West. According to U.S. officials, bombmakers in KG were in the final stages of planning terrorist attacks against the United States, with technical help fromIbrahim al-Asiri, al-Qaeda's master bombmaker in Yemen. According to CNN, the U.S. intelligence community had reportedly recently discovered KG plots against the United States, potentially involving a "a bomb made of a nonmetallic device like a toothpaste container or clothes dipped in explosive material" to beat airport security.[38][35]
Later statements by officials indicated that "there were no known targets or attacks expected in the next few weeks" at the time the US began bombing in Syria.[38] On 5 October 2014, FBI directorJames Comey stated, "I can't sit here and tell you whether their plan is tomorrow or three weeks or three months from now", but that "we have to act as if it's coming tomorrow."[citation needed]
As part of the broaderAmerican-led intervention in Syria targeting al-Qaeda and ISIS, the U.S. began conducting air strikes against targets it said were associated with the Khorasan Group on 22 September 2014.[35][31] By 24 March 2015, 17 Khorasan figures had reportedly been killed by U.S. airstrikes since the beginning of the air campaign.[39]
After the death of Muhsin al-Fadli was announced on 22 July 2015, FBI Director James Comey stated that Khorasan had become "diminished", and that ISIS had become a greater threat to the U.S. than al-Qaeda or the Khorasan group.[24]
| Date | Location | Details | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| 23 September 2014 | West of Aleppo | According to the U.S., it conducted eight airstrikes against the group's training camps,command and control facilities, and other sites in the area west ofAleppo, Syria. The attacks were ineffective and killed only one or two militants, largely because the members of the group had been warned in advance. | [8][17] |
| 6 November 2014 | Idlib and Aleppo provinces | U.S. claimed to bomb KG targets. According local activists and theSyrian Observatory for Human Rights,Ahrar ash-Sham and Nusra Front targets were also hit. KG's chief bombmaker David Drugeon was later believed to have been killed in the attack, but subsequent reports indicated he was only wounded. | [40][41][42] |
| 13 November 2014 | U.S. bombed KG targets. | [31] | |
| 19 November 2014 | NearHarem, Syria | U.S. conducted airstrike on a storage facility associated with the group. | [43] |
| 1 December 2014 | Near Aleppo | U.S. airstrike | [44] |
| 20 May 2015 | Idlib Province | U.S. conducted 2 airstrikes on Khorasan targets, killing Algerian al-Qaeda operativeSaid Arif, the military chief ofJund al-Aqsa. | [10] |
| 1 July 2015 | Near Aleppo | U.S. airstrike kills Drugeon. His death was not reported until 11 September. | [23] |
| 8 July 2015 | NearSarmada, Syria | U.S. airstrike kills Muhsin al-Fadhli while traveling in a vehicle. | [22] |
| 15 October 2015 | Northwest Syria | U.S. airstrike kills Sanafi al-Nasr, formerly al-Qaeda's chief financial officer and the highest-ranking member of the Khorasan Group. According to the U.S. he was the fifth senior Khorasan Group leader killed by U.S. airstrikes in the previous 4 months. | [4] |
On 18 November, the Syrian Army ambushed a group of Khorasan militants in the countryside of Latakia in a separate operation. Eleven members of the group were killed and another 13 were wounded or captured. The Kazakh and Chechen field commanders of the unit, along with Burmese and Saudi jihadists, were among the dead. The attack also left seven al-Nusra Front fighters dead.[45]
On 3 April 2016, Abu Firas al Suri, al-Nusra's spokesman, and seen as a leading figure within the Khorasan group, was killed in a US airstrike.[46] The airstrike also killed al-Suri's son and 20 other al-Nusra andJund al-Aqsa militants.[47] Later in the same week, a second airstrike killed several Khorasan militants, including Rifai Ahmed Taha Musa, who attempted to unite Ahrar ash-Sham with al-Nusra Front in January 2016.[48]
On 12 January 2017, a US airstrike near Saraqib killed al-Nusra leaders Abd al-Jalil al-Muslimi, Abu Amas al-Masri, and Abu Ikrimah al-Tunsi, along with 10 or 15 other al-Nusra fighters. This came after a marked increase in US airstrikes on al-Nusra Front beginning in January 2017, at which time the US reportedly dropped the "Khorasan group" label and began referring to all al-Qaeda linked targeted as simply "al-Qaeda".[28]
On 26 February, a US airstrike in Al-Mastoumeh, Idlib Province, killedAbu Khayr al-Masri, who was the deputy leader of al-Qaeda. He had been dispatched to Syria by al-Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahiri, and was nested in the Khorasan group.[5][6][49] The US airstrike also killed anotherTahrir al-Sham militant, who was traveling in the same car.[50][51]
Some independent experts and Syrian officials questioned whether the group was distinct from Nusra Front.[31] In an interview withAl Jazeera on 27 May 2015, Nusra Front leaderAbu Mohammed al-Golani, stated that the al-Nusra Front did not have intentions to "target the West", while warning against Western Coalition airstrikes. He also alleged that "there is nothing called [the] Khorasan group. The Americans came up with it to deceive the public".[20]
A 23 September 2014 article by theCarnegie Endowment for International Peace stated that "the sudden flurry of revelations about the 'Khorasan Group' in the past two weeks smacks of strategic leaks and political spin".[52] The article also stated that "Whatever one decides to call it, this is not likely to be an independent organization, but rather a network-within-the-network, assigned to deal with specific tasks."[52]
In an article inThe Intercept, journalistsGlenn Greenwald and Murtaza Hussain stated that "There are serious questions about whether the Khorasan Group even exists in any meaningful or identifiable manner", describing reports of the group as "propagandistic and legal rationale" for military intervention.[53] Similarly, according to an analysis inConflict News, "the US government made the decision to bomb this Wolf Group of Jabhat Al-Nusra, and then later came up with a way to sell to the public. This strategy ended up in the creation of 'Khorasan' a group which never existed in any form beyond the statements of US officials."[54]
{{cite book}}:|work= ignored (help)Dr. Christophe Paulussen is an ICCT Research Fellow and Dr. Kinga Tibori Szabó is the winner of theASILFrancis Lieber Prize 2012 for her bookAnticipatory Action in Self-Defence
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