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Khmer numerals ០ ១ ២ ៣ ៤ ៥ ៦ ៧ ៨ ៩ are thenumerals used in theKhmer language. They have been in use since at least the early 7th century.^[1][2]

Having been derived from theHindu numerals, modern Khmer numerals also represent adecimalpositional notation system. It is the script with the first extant material evidence ofzero as a numerical figure, dating its use back to the seventh century, two centuries before its certain use inIndia.^[1][4]Old Khmer, or Angkorian Khmer, also possessed separate symbols for the numbers 10, 20, and 100.^[5]

Each multiple of 20 or 100 would require an additional stroke over the character, so the number 47 was constructed using the 20 symbol with an additional upper stroke, followed by the symbol for number 7.^[5] This inconsistency with itsdecimal system suggests that spokenAngkorian Khmer used avigesimal system.

As bothThai andLao scripts are derived from Old Khmer,^[6] their modern forms still bear many resemblances to the latter, demonstrated in the following table:

The spoken names of modern Khmer numbers represent abiquinary system, with bothbase 5 andbase 10 in use. For example, 6 (ប្រាំមួយ) is formed from 5 (ប្រាំ) plus 1 (មួយ).

With the exception of the number 0, which stems from Sanskrit, the etymology of the Khmer numbers from 1 to 5 is ofproto-Austroasiatic origin.

• For details of the various alternative romanization systems, seeRomanization of Khmer.
• Some authors may alternatively mark[ɓiː] as the pronunciation for the wordtwo, and either[ɓəj] or[ɓei] for the wordthree.
• In neighbouringThailand the number three is thought to bring good luck.^[8] However, inCambodia, taking a picture with three people in it is considered bad luck, as it is believed that the person situated in the middle will die an early death.^[9][10]

Whilst Vietnamese vocabulary is very Sinicized, the numbers 1-5 retainproto-Austroasiatic origins.

The numbers from 6 to 9 may be constructed by adding any number between 1 and 4 to the base number 5 (ប្រាំ), so that 7 is literally constructed as 5 plus 2. Beyond that, Khmer uses a decimal base, so that 14 is constructed as 10 plus 4, rather than 2 times 5 plus 4; and 16 is constructed as 10+5+1.

Colloquially, compound numbers from eleven to nineteen may be formed using the wordដណ្ដប់[dɔnɗɑp] preceded by any number from one to nine, so that 15 is constructed asប្រាំដណ្ដប់[pramdɔnɗɑp], instead of the standardដប់ប្រាំ[ɗɑppram].^[11]

• In constructions from 6 to 9 that use 5 as a base,[pram] may alternatively be pronounced[pəm]; giving[pəmmuəj],[pəmpiː],[pəmɓəj], and[pəmɓuːən]. This is especially true in dialects which elide[r], but not necessarily restricted to them, as the pattern also follows Khmer'sminor syllable pattern.

The modern Khmer numbers from 30 to 90 are as follows:

• The wordសិប[səp], which appears in each of these numbers, can be dropped in informal or colloquial speech. For example, the number 81 can be expressed asប៉ែតមួយ[paet.muəj] instead of the fullប៉ែតសិបមួយ[paet.səp.muəj].

Historically speaking, Khmer borrowed the numbers from 30 to 90 from a southernMiddle Chinese variety by way of a neighboringTai language, most likelyThai.^[5] This is evidenced by the fact that the numbers in Khmer most closely resemble those of Thai, as well as the fact that the numbers cannot be deconstructed in Khmer. For instance,សែ[sae] is not used on its own to mean "four" in Khmer andសិប[səp] is not used on its own to mean "ten", while they are in Thai (seeThai numerals). The table below shows how the words in Khmer compare to other nearby Tai and Sinitic languages.

• Words in parentheses indicate literary pronunciations, while words preceded by an asterisk only occur in specific constructions and are not used for basic numbers from 3 to 10.

Prior to using a decimal system and adopting these words, Khmer used abase 20 system, so that numbers greater than 20 were formed by multiplying or adding on to thecardinal number for twenty. Under this system, 30 would've been constructed as(20 × 1) + 10 "twenty-one ten" and 80 was constructed as4 × 20 "four twenties / fourscores". See the sectionAngkorian numbers for details.

The standard Khmer numbers starting from one hundred are as follows:

Althoughមួយកោដិ[muəjkaot] is most commonly used to mean ten million, in some areas this is also colloquially used to refer to one billion (which is more properlyមួយរយកោដិ[muəjrɔjkaot]). In order to avoid confusion, sometimesដប់លាន[ɗɑp.liən] is used to mean ten million, along withមួយរយលាន[muəj.rɔj.liən] for one hundred million, andមួយពាន់លាន[muəj.pŏən.liən] ("one thousand million") to mean one billion.^[16]

Different Cambodian dialects may also employ different base number constructions to form greater numbers above one thousand. A few of the such can be observed in the following table:

Reminiscent of the standardbase 20 Angkorian Khmer numbers, the modern Khmer language also possesses separate words used to count fruits, not unlike how English uses words such as a "dozen" for counting items such as eggs.^[18]

As a result of prolonged literary influence from both theSanskrit andPali languages, Khmer may occasionally use borrowed words for counting. Generally speaking, aside from a few exceptions such as the numbers for 0 and 100 for which the Khmer language has no equivalent, they are more often restricted to literary, religious, and historical texts than they are used in day to day conversations. One reason for the decline of these numbers is that a Khmer nationalism movement, which emerged in the 1960s, attempted to remove all words of Sanskrit and Pali origin. TheKhmer Rouge also attempted to cleanse the language by removing all words which were considered politically incorrect.^[19]

Khmer ordinal numbers are formed by placing the wordទី[tiː] in front of acardinal number.^[20][5] This is similar to the use of ที่thi in Thai, andthứ (次) in Vietnamese.

It is generally assumed that theAngkorian and pre-Angkorian numbers also represented adual base (quinquavigesimal) system, with bothbase 5 andbase 20 in use. Unlike modern Khmer, thedecimal system was highly limited, with both the numbers forten andone hundred being borrowed from the Chinese and Sanskrit languages respectively. Angkorian Khmer also usedSanskrit numbers for recording dates, sometimes mixing them with Khmer originals, a practice which has persisted until the last century.^[21]

The numbers for twenty, forty, and four hundred may be followed by multiplying numbers, with additional digits added on at the end, so that 27 is constructed as twenty-one-seven, or 20×1+7.

Proto-Khmer is the hypothetical ancestor of the modern Khmer language bearing various reflexes of the proposedproto-Mon–Khmer language. By comparing both modern Khmer and Angkorian Khmer numbers to those of other Eastern Mon–Khmer (or Khmero-Vietic) languages such asPearic, Proto-Viet–Muong,Katuic, andBahnaric; it is possible to establish the following reconstructions for Proto-Khmer.^[22]

Contrary to later forms of the Khmer numbers, Proto-Khmer possessed a single decimal number system. The numbers from one to five correspond to both the modern Khmer language and the proposed Mon–Khmer language, while the numbers from six to nine do not possess any modern remnants, with the number ten *kraaj (or *kraay) corresponding to the modern number for one hundred. It is likely that the initial *k, found in the numbers from six to ten, is a prefix.^[22]

General

1. David Smyth (1995).Colloquial Cambodian: A Complete Language Course. Routledge (UK).ISBN 0-415-10006-2.
2. Huffman, Franklin E.; Charan Promchan; Chhom-Rak Thong Lambert (2008)."Huffman, Modern Spoken Cambodian". Archived fromthe original on 2009-08-04. Retrieved2008-03-25.
3. Unknown (2005).Khmer Phrase Book: Everyday Phrases Mini-Dictionary.
4. Smyth, David; Tran Kien (1998).Practical Cambodian Dictionary (2 ed.). Tuttle Language Library/Charles E. Tuttle Company.ISBN 0-8048-1954-8.
5. Southeast Asia. Lonely Planet. 2006.ISBN 1-74104-632-7.
6. preahvihear (2008)."The original names for the Khmer tens: 30–90". Archived fromthe original on 2009-08-04. Retrieved2008-12-18.
7. "SEAlang Library Khmer Lexicography". Retrieved2008-12-07.
8. "Veda:Sanskrit Numbers". Retrieved2008-12-10.

Specific

• Khmer language
• Numerals

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