| Khasi | |
|---|---|
| Ka Ktien Khasi, ক ক্ত্যেন খসি | |
| Pronunciation | /kakt̪eːnkʰasi/ |
| Native to | India |
| Region | Meghalaya |
| Ethnicity | Khasi |
Native speakers | 1 million (2011 census)[1] |
| Latin (Khasi alphabet) Bengali-Assamese | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-2 | kha |
| ISO 639-3 | kha |
| Glottolog | khas1269 |
 Map of the Khasic Languages | |
 Khasi is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCOAtlas of the World's Languages in Danger[2] | |
Khasi (Ka Ktien Khasi) is anAustroasiatic language with just over a million speakers in north-east India, primarily theKhasi people in the state ofMeghalaya. It has associate official status in some districts of this state. The closest relatives of Khasi are the other languages in theKhasic group of theShillong Plateau; these includePnar,Lyngngam andWar.
Khasi is written using theLatin script. In the first half of the 19th century, attempts to write Khasi inBengali-Assamese script met with little success.[3]
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Khasi is natively spoken by 1,038,000 people in India (as of 2011). It is the first language of one-third of the population ofMeghalaya, or 997,000,[4] and its speakers are mostly found in theKhasi Hills andJaintia Hills regions. There are also small Khasi-speaking communities in neighbouring states of India,[1] the largest of which is inAssam: 34,600 people.[4] There is also a very small number of speakers in Bangladesh.[1]
Khasi has been an associateofficial language of some districts within Meghalaya since 2005, and as of 2012, was no longer consideredendangered byUNESCO.[5] There are demands to include this language to theEighth Schedule to the Constitution of India.[6]
A sizeable number of books have been published in Khasi, including novels, poetry, religious works, school textbooks and non-fiction. The most famous Khasi poet isU Soso Tham (1873–1940),[7] whose death is commemorated annually as aregional holiday in the state of Meghalaya.[8] Khasi has a good presence on the internet, including blogs and several online newspapers.
Khasi has significant dialectal variation, and this presents a challenge with regard to classifying theKhasic languages.
Khasi dialects is rich and widely different from village to another but Sohra dialuge is a common dialogue and well spoken among the Khasi Tribes:
In addition,Pnar,Maram (including Langrin)[10] andLyngngam have been listed as types of Khasi, although more recent studies seem to indicate that these are sister languages to Khasi, and that Khasi actually began as a marginal Pnar dialect.[11]
Bhoi, fromNongpoh, and Nonglung from Umsning, inRi Bhoi District, differ substantially from Standard Khasi in theirword order. They are distinct enough from Standard Khasi to be sometimes considered separate languages,[10] with Bhoi sometimes classified as intermediate between Khasi and Pnar,[citation needed] and Nonglung being part of Mnar,[citation needed] variously classified as a type of War or of Pnar.[citation needed] On the other hand, Sohra and War Khasi are lexically very similar.[citation needed]
The Sohra dialect is taken as Standard Khasi, as it was the first dialect to be written inLatin andBengali scripts by the British.[9][10] While Standard Khasi is spoken by majority in Shillong, it is in turn significantly different from the other Shillong dialects (eight at most) which form adialect continuum across the capital region.[citation needed]
This section discusses mainly thephonology of Standard Khasi as spoken in and around the capital city, Shillong.
Khasi, mainly spoken in Meghalaya, is surrounded by unrelated languages:Assamese to the north and east,Sylheti to the south (bothIndo-Aryan languages),Garo (aTibeto-Burman language) to the west, and a plethora of other Tibeto-Burman languages includingManipuri,Mizo andBodo.
Although over the course of time, language change has occurred, Khasi retains some distinctive features:
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Post- alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||||||||||||
| Stop | Unaspirated | p | b | t̪ | d | c | k | ʔ | |||||||||
| Aspirated | pʰ | bʱ | t̪ʰ | dʱ | kʰ | ||||||||||||
| Affricate | Unaspirated | dʒ | |||||||||||||||
| Aspirated | dʒʱ | ||||||||||||||||
| Fricative | s | ʃ | h | ||||||||||||||
| Approximant | j | w | |||||||||||||||
| Trill | r | ||||||||||||||||
| Lateral | l | ||||||||||||||||
| IPA | Translation | IPA | Translation | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| m | mrad | [mraːt̚] | animal | n | nar | [nar] | iron |
| ɲ | ñia | [ɲaː] | aunt | ŋ | ngen | [ŋɛn] | wane |
| p | pan | [paːn] | ask | pʰ | phylla | [pʰɨlːaː] | special |
| b | blang | [blaŋ] | goat | bʱ | bhoi | [bʱɔɪ] | Bhoi |
| t̪ | tdong | [t̪dɔŋ] | tail | tʰ | thah | [t̪ʰaːʔ] | ice |
| d | dur | [dʊr] | picture | dʱ | dheng | [dʱɛŋ] | park |
| k | krung | [krʊŋ] | rib | kʰ | khring | [kʰrɪŋ] | entice |
| dʒ | jlaw | [dʒlaːʊ] | howl | dʒʱ | jhieh | [dʒʱeːʔ] | wet |
| s | syiem | [sʔeːm] | monarch | ʃ | shñiuh | [ʃɲoːʔ] | hair |
| r | rynsan | [rɨnsaːn] | platform | l | lieh | [leːʔ] | white |
| j | ïor | [jɔːr] | snow | w | wah | [waːʔ] | river |
| Front | Central | Back | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Short | Long | Short | Long | Short | Long | |||
| Close | ɪ | iː | ɨ | ʊ | uː | |||
| Mid-Close | e | eː | o | oː | ||||
| Mid-Open | ɛ | ɛː | ɔ | ɔː | ||||
| Open | a | aː | ||||||
| IPA | Translation | IPA | Translation | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ɪ | ding | [dɪŋ] | fire | iː | ih | [iːʔ] | cooked |
| ɨ | ynda | [ɨndaː] | until | uː | ruh | [ruːʔ] | also |
| e | miet | [met̚] | night | eː | iermat | [eːrmat̚] | eyelash |
| o | lum | [lom] | hill | oː | ud | [oːt̚] | moan |
| ɛ | reng | [rɛŋ] | horn | ɛː | erïong | [ɛːrjɔŋ] | whirlwind |
| ɔ | ong | [ɔŋ] | say | ɔː | Shillong | [ʃɨlːɔːŋ] | Shillong |
| a | sat | [sat̚] | spicy | aː | sad | [saːt̚] | ceiling |
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Before British colonization, some of the Khasi Syiems (Royals) used to keep official records and communicate with one another on paper primarily using the Bengali script.William Carey wrote the language with theBengali script between 1813 and 1838. A large number of Khasi books were written in the Bengali script, including the famous bookKa Niyom Jong Ki Khasi orThe Religion of the Khasis, which is an important work on the Khasi religion.
The Welshmissionary,Thomas Jones, arrived inSohra on June 22, 1841, and proceeded to write down the local language in theLatin script. As a result, the modified Latin alphabet of the language has a few similarities with theWelsh alphabet.[12] The first journal in Khasi wasU Nongkit Khubor (The Messenger) published atMawphlang in 1889 byWilliam Williams.
Khasi in Latin script has a different system, distinct from that of English. Khasi uses a 23-letter alphabet by removing the letters c, f, q, v, x and z from the basic Latin alphabet and adding the diacritic letters ï and ñ, and the digraph ng, which is treated as a letter in its own right. The diagraph ng is also present in Welsh alphabet.
| Capital letters | A | B | K | D | E | G | Ng | H | I | Ï | J | L | M | N | Ñ | O | P | R | S | T | U | W | Y |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Small letters | a | b | k | d | e | g | ng | h | i | ï | j | l | m | n | ñ | o | p | r | s | t | u | w | y |
| English Pronunciation | ah | bee | kay | dee | ay | eg | eng | esh | ee | yee | jay | ell | emm | enn | eñ | oh | pea | aar | ess | tee | oo | double yu | why |
| Assamese | আ | ব | ক | দ | এ | গ | ঙ | হ | ই | য | জ | ল | ম | ন | ঞ | অ | প | ৰ | স | ত | উ | ৱ | য় |
| Bengali | আ | ব | ক | দ | এ | গ | অং | হ | ই | য়ি | জ | ল | ম | ন | ঞ | ও | প | র | স | ত | উ | ঊ | ঈ |
Besides ng, which is considered a single letter in the alphabet, Khasi has 8 other digraphs:
This digraphs are not treated as single letters but rather as combinations of letters.
A local legend tells of how the Khasi people received their script from God, and that subsequently the Khasi people lost their script in a great flood.[14][15][16] In 2017, it was reported that there is evidence of anundeciphered script, currently stored at the Kamarupa Anusandhan Samity Library inGuwahati, Assam, that is considered to be Khasi in origin.[17]
Khasi is anAustroasiatic language and has its distinct features of a large number of consonant conjuncts, with prefixing and infixing.
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st person | ŋa | ŋi |
| 2nd person | pʰi | |
| 3rd person | u/ka | ki |
| Diminutive | i | |
| Reflexive | la ~ lade | |
The order of elements in a Khasi noun phrase is(Case marker)-(Demonstrative)-(Numeral)-(Classifier)-(Article)-Noun-(Adjective)-(Prepositional phrase)-(Relative clause), as can be seen from the following examples:
kato
that:F
ka=kɨnthei
kaba
wan
come
mynnin
yesterday
kato ka=kɨnthei kaba wan mynnin
that:F F=girl F-relative come yesterday
'that girl who came yesterday'
Khasi has a pervasive gender system. There are four genders in this language:
| Marker | Gender |
|---|---|
| u | masculine |
| ka | feminine |
| i | diminutive |
| ki | plural |
Humans and domestic animals have their natural gender:
Rabel (1961) writes: "the structure of a noun gives no indication of its gender, nor does its meaning, but Khasi natives are of the impression that nice, small creatures and things are feminine while big, ugly creatures and things are masculine....This impression is not borne out by the facts. There are countless examples of desirable and lovely creatures with masculine gender as well as of unpleasant or ugly creatures with feminine gender"
Though there are several counterexamples, Rabel says that there is some semantic regularity in the assignment of gender for the following semantic classes:
| Feminine | Masculine |
| times, seasons | |
| clothes | reptiles, insects, flora, trees |
| physical features of nature | heavenly bodies |
| manufactured articles | edible raw material |
| tools for polishing | tools for hammering, digging |
| trees of soft fibre | trees of hard fibre |
The matrilineal aspect of the society can also be observed in the general gender assignment, where so, all central and primary resources associated with day-to-day activities are signified as Feminine; whereas Masculine signifies the secondary, the dependent or the insignificant.
| Feminine | Masculine |
| Sun (Ka Sngi) | Moon (U Bnai) |
| Wood (Ka Dieng) | Tree (U Dieng) |
| Honey (Ka Ngap) | Bee (U Ngap) |
| House (Ka Ïing) | Column (U Rishot) |
| Cooked rice (Ka Ja) | Uncooked rice (U Khaw) |
Note: However do note that there are no such universal rules for gender assignment of nouns in Khasi. There are a lot of exceptions and one such issyntiew (flower) which is stereotypically considered feminine but is accompanied with masculine gender signifier "u" i.e.u syntiew. This gender assignment to nouns is highly depended on what the native speakers assign the noun which they all naturally agree upon but which can vary sometimes like according to the mood or tone.
Khasi has a classifier system, apparently used only with numerals. Between the numeral and noun, the classifiertylli is used for non-humans, and the classifierngut is used for humans, e.g.
Don
there:are
ar
two
tylli
ki=sim
ha
in
ruh.
cage
Don ar tylli ki=sim ha ruh.
there:are two CLF PL=bird in cage
'There are two birds in the cage.'
Don
there:are
lai
three
ngut
ki=Sordar
ha
in
shnong.
village
Don lai ngut ki=Sordar ha shnong.
there:are three CLF PL=chief in village
'There are three chiefs in the village.'
There is some controversy about whether Khasi has a class of adjectives. Roberts cites examples like the following:
In nearly all instances of attributive adjectives, the apparent adjective has the prefix /ba-/, which seems to be a relativiser. There are, however, a few adjectives without the /ba-/ prefix:
When the adjective is the main predicate, it may appear without any verb 'be':
In this environment, the adjective is preceded by an agreement marker, like a verb. Thus it may be that Khasi does not have a separate part of speech for adjectives, but that they are a subtype of verb.
Khasi appears to have a well-developed group of prepositions, among them
The following are examples of prepositional phrases:
slap
rain
u=ther
na
from
ka
bneng
sky
u slap u=ther na ka bneng
3SG.MASC rain M=pour from FEM sky
'Rain poured from the sky.'
Verbs agree with 3rd person subjects in gender, but there is no agreement for non-3rd persons (Roberts 1891):
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st person | nga thoh 'I write' | ngi thoh 'we write' |
| 2nd person | me thoh 'he (masc) writes' pha thoh 'she (fem) writes' | phi thoh 'you (pl). write' |
| 3rd person | u thoh 'he writes' ka thoh 'she writes' | ki thoh 'they write' |
The masculine and feminine markers /u/ and /ka/ are used even when there is a noun phrase subject (Roberts 1891:132):
Tense is shown through a set of particles that appear after the agreement markers but before the verb. The future marker is fused with subject pronouns, plural marker, as well as gender marker. Past is a particle /la/ and future is /yn/ (contracted to 'n after a vowel):
| Khasi | English |
|---|---|
| U thoh. | He writes. |
| U thoh. | He wrote. |
| U la thoh. | He has written. |
| Un thoh | He will write. |
Negation is also shown through an enclitic,=ɨm (contracted to 'm after a vowel), which appears between the agreement and the tense particle. There is a special past negation particleʃɨm in the past which replaces the ordinary past /la/ (Roberts 1891):
| Khasi | English |
|---|---|
| Um ju thoh. | He doesn't write. |
| Um shym thoh. | He didn't write. |
| Um nym thoh | He won't write. |
| Um dei ban thoh | He shouldn't write. |
Another negation particle,kʰlem, is equivalent to the past tense negative construct=m ʃɨm la, can also be used as a negative subordinator:
The copula is an ordinary verb in Khasi, as in the following sentence:
Khasi has a morphological causative /pn-/ (Rabel 1961). (This is spelledpyn in Roberts (1891)):
| Base verb | Gloss | Causative verb | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| hiar | come down | pynhiar | let down, export |
| tip | know | pyntip | make known |
| phuh | blossom | pynphuh | beautify |
| ïaid | walk | pyn-ïaid | drive, put agoing |
| jot | torn | pyn-jot | destroy |
| poi | arrive | pyn-poi | deliver |
Word order in simple sentences is subject–verb–object (SVO):
However, VSO order is also found, especially after certain initial particles, like hangta 'then' (Rabel 1961).
hangta
then
la
ong
say
i
khnai
mouse
ja
ka
Naam
Naam
hangta la ong i khnai ja ka Naam
then PAST say DIM mouse ACC FEM Naam
'Then said the (little) mouse to Naam ... '
Sometimes the object is preceded by a particle ya (spelled ia in Roberts 1891). Roberts says "ia, 'to', 'for', 'against' implies direct and immediate relation. Hence its being the sign of the dative and of theaccusative case as well"
la
ái
give
ja
ka=kitab
ja
nga.
me
U la ái ja ka=kitab ja nga.
3SG.M PAST give ACC FEM=book ACC me
'He gave the book to me.'
It appears from Roberts (1891) that Khasi hasdifferential object marking, since only some objects are marked accusative. Roberts notes that nouns that are definite usually have the accusative and those that are indefinite often do not.
Rabel (1961) says "the use of ïa is optional in the case of one object. In the case of two objects one of them must have ïa preceding.... If one of the objects is expressed by a pronoun, it must be preceded by ïa."
Broadly speaking, Khasi have 8 prepositions on NPs to indicate relations between arguments in constituent clauses, with thenominative case remaining unmarked, for a total of nine cases. They are fairly pervasive and play an important role in Khasi syntax.
| Case | Marker |
|---|---|
| Nominative | (unmarked) |
| Accusative-dative | ja |
| Ablative | na |
| Locative | ha |
| Allative | ʃa |
| Genitive | ʤoŋ |
| Instrumental | da |
| Comitative | baːt |
| Perlative | lɨŋba |
| Vocative | ko? |
All case markers can appear with or without the prenominal markers/articlesu,ka,i andki, and are placed before the prenominal markers.
Khasi has a passive, but it involves removing the agent of the sentence without putting the patient in subject position. (A type called the 'non-ascensional passive'). Compare the following active-passive pair (Roberts 1891) where the patient continues to have accusative case and remains in the object position:
Ki
dang
contin
tháw
build
ja
ka
ïing
house
da
with
ki
dieng..
wood
Ki dang tháw ja ka ïing da ki dieng..
PL contin build ACC FEM house with PL wood
'They are building the house with wood.'
Dang
contin
tháw
build
ja
ka
ïing.
house
Dang tháw ja ka ïing.
contin build ACC FEM house
'The house is being built.'
This type of passive is used, even when the passive agent is present in a prepositional phrase:
La
lah
pyniap
kill
ja
ka
masi
cow
da
by
U Míet.
U Miet
La lah pyniap ja ka masi da {U Míet}.
PAST PFV kill ACC FEM cow by {U Miet}
'The cow was killed by U Miet.'
Yes–no questions seem to be distinguished from statements only by intonation:
Phi
you
kit
are carrying
khoh
a basket
Til?
Til?
Phi kit khoh Til?
you {are carrying} {a basket} Til?
'Will you take a basket, Til?
Wh-questions don't involve moving the wh-element:
Subordinate clauses follow the main verb that selects them (Roberts 1891:169):
Nga
I
tip
know
ba
that
phi
you
la
leh
do
ja
kata.
that
Nga tip ba phi la leh ja kata.
I know that you PAST do ACC that
'I know that you have done that'
Relative clauses follow the nouns that they modify and agree in gender:
Ka
samla kynthei
girl
ka-ba
wan
come
mynhynnin
yesterday
ka
la
iáp.
die
Ka {samla kynthei} ka-ba wan mynhynnin ka la iáp.
FEM girl FEM-relative come yesterday FEM PAST die
'The girl who came yesterday has died.'
A variety of Khasi prepositions and other words are contracted or reduced both in spoken and written language. One of the most common form of contractions is when apronoun is grouped with the verbs "yn" or "ym" (for e.g.u yn contracts tou'n). Or when a preposition is grouped with a vowel-like gender identifier such as "u" and "i" (for e.g.ha u contracts toh'u).
| Full form | Contracted form |
|---|---|
| ki ym | ki'm |
| ki yn | ki'n |
| ka ym | ka'm |
| ka yn | ka'n |
| i yn | i'n |
| i ym | i'm |
| nga yn | nga'n |
| nga ym | nga'm |
| phi yn | phi'n |
| phi ym | phi'm |
| u yn | u'n |
| u ym | u'm |
| ba yn | ba'n |
| ha u | h'u |
| da u | d'u |
| ïa u | ï'u |
| ba u | b'u |
| ba la | b'la |
| la u | l'u |
| la i | l'i |
Reduced form of words are common in the Khasi language. Most of the time, one or a couple of letters are dropped at the beginning of a word (for e.g. briew can become 'riew). There's no clear rule behind this process but usually these words that undergo reduction begins with more than one consonants; the reduced word is accompanied by an apostrophe from the start to mark so. The reduced form of the word is still understood by its context of usage and since its last inner syllabus and letters (i.e.rhyme) are always preserved.
| Word | Reduced form |
|---|---|
| briew | 'riew |
| khlaw | 'law |
| sla | 'la |
| blei | 'lei |
| shniuh | 'niuh |
| shnong | 'nong |
| lyer | 'er |
| kti | 'ti |
| blang | 'lang |
| khñiang | 'ñiang |
| khmat | 'mat |
| shkor | 'kor |
| dohkha | 'kha |
These reduced forms of words are mostly seen in compound forms where the reduced word is affixed with other words to give rise to new words with new meanings. In compound form, the apostrophe is not used anymore. For e.g. 'riew as in riewkhlaw, riewspah, riewhyndai etc.
Khasi Alphabet
Ïa ki bynriew baroh la kha laitluid bad ki ïaryngkat ha ka burom bad ki hok. Ha ki la bsiap da ka bor pyrkhat bad ka jingïatiplem bad ha ka mynsiem jingsngew shipara, ki dei ban ïatrei bynrap lang.
(Jinis 1 jong ka Jingpynbna-Ïar Satlak ïa ki Hok Longbriew-Manbriew)
Assamese scriptযা কি বৃনৰ্যের বাৰহ লা খা লাচলোছ বাড কী যৰূঙ্কট হা কি বুৰম বাড ক হক. হাকি লা বৃস্যপ দা ক বৰ-পৃৰ্খট বাড ক চিংযাতিপলেম বাড হা ক মৃন্স্যেম চিংস্ঙেউ শীপাৰা, কী দেই বাণ যত্ৰেই বৃনৰাপ লাং.
(জিনিস বানৃঙ্গং জং ক চিংপৃনবৃনা-যাৰ সত্লাক যা কি হক লংব্ৰ্যের-মানব্র্যের.)
IPA
jaː ki bɨnreʊ baːrɔʔ laː kʰaː lacloc bat ki jaːrɨŋkat haː kaː burɔm bat ki hɔk. haː ki laː bsjap daː kaː bɔːr pɨrkʰat bat kaː dʒɪŋjaːtɪplɛm bat haː kaː mɨnseːm dʒɨŋsŋɛʊ ʃiparaː ki dɛɪ ban jaːtrɛɪ bɨnrap laŋ
(dʒinɪs banɨŋkɔŋ dʒɔŋ kaː dʒɨŋpɨnbnaː-jaːr satlak jaː ki hɔk lɔŋbreʊ manbreʊ)
Gloss
To the human all are born free and they equal in the dignity and the rights. In them are endowed with the power thought and the conscience and in the spirit feeling fraternity they should to work assist together.
(Article first of the Declaration Universal of the Rights Humanity)
Translation
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should work towards each other in a spirit of brotherhood.
| Khasi language | English |
|---|---|
| Khublei (khu-blei) | Thank You |
| Phi long kumno? | How are you? In short it is also used as "Kumno?" |
| Nga khlaiñ | I am fine. |
| Kumne | Short form response to 'Kumno?' meaning 'like this'. |
| Um | Water |
| Ja | (cooked) rice |
| Dohkha (doh-kha) | fish (meat) |
| Dohsyiar (doh-syiar) | chicken (meat) |
| Dohsniang (doh-sni-ang) | pork (meat) |
| Dohmasi (doh-ma-si) | beef (meat) |
| Dohblang (doh-bl-ang) | mutton (meat) |
| Jyntah (jyn-tah) | dish (meat/vegetable) |
| Jhur (jh-ur) | vegetable |
| Dai | lentils |
| Mluh (ml-uh) | salt |
| Duna (du-na) | less |
| Sohmynken (soh-myn-ken) | chilli |
| Sngewbha ai biang seh | Please give again (serve again). |
| Lah biang | enough |
| Sngewbha ai um seh | Please give water. |
| Sngewbha ai ja seh | Please give food (rice). |
| Sngewbha ai jyntah seh | Please give (side dish) vegetable / meat. |
| Ai aiu? / Kwah aiu? | What do you want? |
| Sngewbha ai kwai seh | Please give 'kwai'. |
| Aiu? | What? |
| Mynno? | When? (past) |
| Lano? | When? (future) |
| Hangno? / Shano? | Where? |
| Kumno? | How? |
| Thiah suk. | Sleep well. (The equivalent of "Good Night".) |
| Kumno ngan leit sha Nan Polok? | How do I go to Ward's Lake? |
| Katno ka dor une / kane? | What is the price of this? (une is masculine gender, kane is feminine gender and ine is neutral gender) |
| Leit suk. | Happy journey |
| Reply is "Shong suk." | Literal meaning is "Stay happy." |
| 1 | wei |
| 2 | ar |
| 3 | lai |
| 4 | saw |
| 5 | san |
| 6 | hynriew |
| 7 | hynñiew |
| 8 | phra |
| 9 | khyndai |
| 10 | shiphew |
| 20 | arphew |
| 30 | laiphew |
| 40 | sawphew |
| 50 | sanphew |
| 60 | hynriewphew |
| 70 | hynñiewphew |
| 80 | phraphew |
| 90 | khyndaiphew |
| 100 | shispah |
| 200 | arspah |
| 300 | laispah |
| 400 | sawspah |
| 500 | sanspah |
| 600 | hynriewspah |
| 700 | hynñiewspah |
| 800 | phraspah |
| 900 | khyndaispah |
| 1000 | shihajar |
| 10000 | shiphewhajar |
| 100000 | shilak |
| 10000000 | shiklur |
| 1000000000 | shiarab |
