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In the 17th and 18th centuries, the Khanate was ruled by theJanid dynasty (also referred to as Ashtarkhanids or Toqay Timurids). They were the lastChingissid dynasty to rule Bukhara. In 1740, it was conquered byNader Shah, theShah of Iran. After his death in 1747, the Khanate was controlled by the non-Chingissid descendants of the Uzbek emir Khudayar Bi, through the prime ministerial position ofataliq. In 1785, his descendant,Shah Murad, formalized the family's dynastic rule (Manghit dynasty), and the Khanate became theEmirate of Bukhara.[7] The Manghits were non-Chingissid and took the Islamic title ofemir instead ofkhan since their legitimacy was not based on descent fromGenghis Khan.
The first dynasty to rule the khanate was theShaybanid dynasty, which reigned from 1501 until 1598. They were a branch of the Abu'l-Khayrid dynasty and claimed descent from Genghis Khan through his sonJochi.[6] The ancestor of the ruling Abu'l-Khayrids,Abu'l Khayr Khan, established anempire that by the time of his death in 1469 stretched fromSiberia to theSyr Darya river. He controlled the cities ofSighnaq, Suzaq, Arquq,Uzgend, andYassi along the Syr Darya.[8] However, the Uzbek tribes remained nomadic, living a life on the steppe, and Abu'l Khayr Khan had no interest in conquering the lands of Mawarannahr (Transoxiana) orKhorasan.[6] Following his death, his empire broke up into smaller pieces led by sultans and tribal chieftains. One of these units was led byMuhammad Shaybani, Abu'l Khayr's grandson.[8] He was well-educated, had great military intellect, and desired to conquer the settled lands of Mawarannahr for himself.
In the 1490s Muhammad Shaybani swept through Central Asia and conquered Samarkand, Bukhara,Tashkent, andAndijan from 1500 to 1503.[9][8] One of his most formidable enemies wasZahir ud-Din Muhammad Babur, the Timurid prince ofFergana. He managed to briefly occupy Samarkand from Muhammad Shaybani, and attempted on two other occasions to take it.[8] A turning point in the conflict between the two was theBattle of Sar-i Pul in the spring of 1501, which resulted in victory for the Shaybanids. Babur's defeat and subsequent flight toKabul forced him to turn his ambitions southwards, towardsIndia; he would eventually defeat the forces of theDelhi Sultanate at theBattle of Panipat and found theMughal Empire.
In 1505 Muhammad Shaybani tookUrgench after a 10-month siege, resulting in the annexation ofKhwarazm.[8] The ruler ofHerat,Sultan Husayn Bayqara, attempted to launch a campaign to Transoxiana but it proved to be abortive. When he decided to take the field, he was no longer capable of leading the army. Bayqara died in 1506 and was succeeded by his two sons, Badi' al-Zaman Mirza and Muzaffar Husayn Mirza. Despite their differences, they agreed to jointly field an army against the Uzbeks.[8] They assembled their forces along theMurghab River, allying with Babur to crush Muhammad Shaybani. In 1506 Shaybani captured Balkh, and the allied Timurid force disintegrated on its own. Finally in 1507 he was able to take Herat and the rest of the Timurid lands.[8] By this time he ousted the Timurids fromKunduz, Balkh, Khorasan, Khwarazm, and other regions and incorporated them into his empire.[6]
HoweverShah Isma'il I of the newly foundedSafavid Empire, wishing to conquer the Timurid lands for himself and enraged by Shibani's staunch Sunnism, invaded Khorasan and killed Mohammad Shibani outside the city ofMerv in 1510. Khorasan and Khwarazm were conquered by Iran andSamarqand was briefly lost toBabur in 1512. However, he was unable to establish his presence there for long and soon the Uzbeks were able to reclaim their lost territory.[6] However, Khwarazm permanently became independent, becoming theKhanate of Khiva. It was ruled by the Arabshahids, another branch of the Shibanids.[12] Khwarazm was briefly conquered byUbaidullah Khan (1533–1539) but shortly after it became independent once again.[13]
After Muhammad Shaybani's death, akurultai elected Kuchkonji, Shaybani's uncle and Abu'l Khayr's eighth son, as the new supreme khan. The kurultai also divided the lands conquered by Shaybani into regionalappanages and distributed them among different lineages of the Abu'l-Khayrid dynasty. Kuchkonji took Samarkand as his seat of power; Bukhara was given to Ubaydullah, Shaybani's nephew; Miyonkol (the region between Bukhara and Samarkand, around present-dayNavoiy) went to Jonibeg, Abu'l Khayr's grandson through his second son Khoja Muhammad; and Tashkent to Suyunjuk (also known as Sevinch Muhammad), Abu'l Khayr's ninth son.[12]
The Janid dynasty[14] (descendants ofAstrakhanids) ruled the Khanate from 1599 until 1747. Yar Muhammad and his family had escaped fromAstrakhan afterAstrakhan fell to Russians. He had a son named Jani Muhammad who had two sons named Baqi Muhammad andVali Muhammad Khan from his wife, who was the daughter of the last Shaybanid ruler.[15]
The son of Din Muhammad Sultan –Baqi Muhammad Khan in 1599 defeated Pir Muhammad Khan II, who had lost his authority. He became the real founder of a new dynasty of Janids or Ashtarkhanids in the Bukhara Khanate (1599–1756). Baqi Muhammad Khan, despite his short reign, carried out administrative, tax and military reforms in the country, which contributed to its further development. He issued coins with the inscription Baqi Muhammad Bahadurkhan and the names of the first four caliphs.[16]
During this period, the Uzbek poet Turdy wrote critical poems and called for the unity of 92 tribal Uzbek people. The most famous Uzbek poet isMashrab, writing in bothChagatai andPersian, who composed a number of poems in that are still popular today. In the 17th and early 18th centuries, historical works were written in Persian. Among the famous historians, Abdurahman Tole, Muhammad Amin Bukhari, Mutribi should be noted.[17]
In the sources of the second half of the 17th century, the expression "92 Uzbek tribes" is used in relation to the part of the population of the Bukhara Khanate.[18]
After the assassination of Ubaydullah Khan on 18 March 1711, the Bukharan state disintegrated into multiple different principalities.[19] According to Chekhovich, only the districts ofQarakul,Wardanzi,Wabkent, andGhijduwan were under the new Bukharan khan, Abu'l-Fayz.[19] Other sources report that his authority didn't stretch beyond the Bukharan citadel.[19][20]
The Ashtarkhanids were replaced by the UzbekManghit dynasty, whose members ruled Bukhara until 1920.
The beginning of the strengthening of the political influence of representatives of the Uzbek Manghit aristocracy in the Bukhara Khanate dates back to the beginning of the 17th century. But the real growth of their power occurred after the appointment in 1712 of Khudayar-biy Manghit to the post of ataliq. His son Muhammad Hakim-biy took the post of divanbegi at the court of Abulfayz Khan. In 1715–1716, Khudayar-biy was removed from his post at the initiative of Ibrahim-parvanachi from the Uzbek family of keneges. In 1719–1720, after the flight of Ibrahim-bey from Bukhara, Khudayar-bey, who was in Balkh, was allowed to return to power, giving him the inheritance of Karshi, which was the result of the policy of his son Muhammad Hakim-bey. In 1721, Muhammad Hakim-biy was appointed ataliq.
During the campaign of the Afsharid ruler of Persia Nadir Shah to Maverannahr in 1740, Muhammad Hakim-biy went to peace negotiations with him, thus saving the country from war and strengthening his power. He had five sons: Muhammad Badal-biy, Kurban-mirahur (died in 1733), Muhammad Rahim, Yav Kashti-biy, Barat-sultan. His third son, Muhammad Rahim, joined Nadir Shah and participated in his further campaigns.
Since 1740, the actual power in the Bukhara Khanate was in the hands of the last ataliqs from the Uzbek clan Manghit, Muhammad Hakim-biy (1740–1743), Muhammad Rakhim (1745–1753) and Daniyal-biy (1758–1785). The Bukhara khans turned out to be completely dependent on them.
In 1747, after the assassination of Abulfayz Khan, the actual power was completely in the hands of Muhammad Rahim. Until 1756, the nominal rulers were the Ashtarkhanid babies Abdulmumin Khan (1747–1751), Ubaydallah Khan III (1751–1754) and Abulgazi Khan (1754–1756). Muhammad Rahim himself married the daughter of Abulfayz Khan. Under Mohammad Rahim Bi, the Bukhara Khanate was able to expand to the regions ofHissar,Samarqand,Urgut, theZarafshan Valley,Kulab,Jizzakh, andUra Tepe. Within three years he was also able to subdueZamin,Panjkent, andFalgar.[21] Although Muhammad Rakhim Khan was not a descendant of Genghis Khan, through tough politics and good organization, he was able to achieve recognition of his power, ascend the throne and even take the title of Khan.
Rahim Bi had to suppress the power of the local chieftains. He attacked Turghai Murad Burqut, ruler ofNurota and the Miyankal province between Samarqand and Bukhara. The latter was forced to accept Bukharan sovereignty.[21] In 1753 Rahim Bi attacked Urgut and subjugatedShahr-i Sabz, Hissar, and Kulab. In 1754 he successfully incorporatedKhujand,Tashkent, andTurkestan into the khanate.[21] In November 1762, Bukharan armies conquered the town of Charjuy and subdued the Turkmen.[22][19]
Muhammad Shaybani Khan was fond of poetry, and Turkic language collections of his poetry are extant today. There are sources that Muhammad Shibani wrote poetry in both Turkic and Persian. The "Divan" of Muhammad Shibani's poems, written in the Central Asian Turkic literary language, is currently kept in the Topkapi manuscript collection in Istanbul. The manuscript of his philosophical and religious work: "Bahr ul-Khudo", written in the Central Asian Turkic literary language in 1508, is located in London.[24] Muhammad Shaybani wrote poetry under the pseudonym Shibani.[12] He wrote a prose work,Risale-yi maarif-i Shibani. It was written in the Turkic-Chagatai language in 1507 shortly after his capture of Khorasan and is dedicated to his son, Muhammad Timur-Sultan. The manuscript is kept inIstanbul. Turkish historiography increased in the early 16th century, though their production were relatively few.[25] Muhammad Shibani's]] reign influenced Chagatai's Turkish historical work,The Shibani-nama, while theTawarikh-i Guzida-yi Nusrat-nama was sponsored by the Khan himself.[25] The Khan also inspired two Persian histories by Bina'i and Shadi, while patronizing the translations of six works from Persian into Chaghatai.[25]
Ubaydullah Khan, nephew of Muhammad Shaybani, was highly educated. He skillfully recited theKoran and provided it with comments in the Turkic language, and he was considered a gifted singer and musician.[citation needed] The formation of the most significant court literary circle in Maverannahr in the first half of the 16th century is associated with Ubaydullah Khan. He wrote poetry in Turkic, Persian and Arabic under the literary pseudonym Ubaydiy. A collection of his poems has survived.[26]
In the Abu'l-Khayrid era in the Bukhara Khanate, Agha-i Buzurg was a famous scholarlySufi woman. Also known as Great Lady as well as Mastura Khatun, she died c. 1522–23.[27]
Abd al-Aziz Khan (1540–1550) established a library "having no equal" the world over. The prominent scholar Sultan Mirak Munshi worked there from 1540. The gifted calligrapher Mir Abid Khusaini produced masterpieces ofNastaliq andRayhani script. He was a brilliant miniature-painter, master of encrustation, and was the librarian (kitabdar) of Bukhara's library.[28]
^Azizov, Ulugbek (2015).Freeing from the "Territorial Trap": Re-reading the Five Stans Central Asian Discourse. Zürich: Lit. p. 58.ISBN978-3-643-90624-3. Retrieved22 July 2017.The Bukhara Khanate as a new administrative entity was founded in 1533 and was the continuation of the Shaybanid dynasty. The khanate occupied the territory from Kashgar (west of China) to the Aral Sea, from Turkestan to the east part of Chorasan. The official language was Persian as well as Uzbek was spoken widely.
^Lapidus, Ira Marvin (2002).A History of Islamic Societies (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 374.
^Grenoble, Lenore (2003).Language Policy of the Soviet Union. Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 143.ISBN1-4020-1298-5.
^Kharin, Nikolai (2002).Vegetation Degradation in Central Asia Under the Impact of Human Activities. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 49.ISBN9781402003974.
^Davidovich, Ye. A. (1964).Istoriya monetnogo dela Sredney Azii XVII—XVIII vvИстория монетного дела Средней Азии XVII—XVIII вв. Dushanbe: Izdatelstvo Akademii nauk Tadzhikskoi SSR.OCLC21720275.
^Bodrogligeti, A. J. E. (1982). "Muhammad Shaybani's 'Bahru'l-huda': An Early Sixteenth Century Didactic Qasida in Chaghatay".Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher.54: 1 and n. 4.
^Aminova, Gulnora (2009).Removing the Veil of Taqiyya: Dimensions of the Biography of Agha-yi Buzurg (a sixteenth-century female saint from Transoxiana) (PhD thesis). Harvard University.
1These are traditional areas of settlement; the Turkic group has been living in the listed country/region for centuries and should not be confused with modern diasporas. 2State with limited international recognition.
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