Akhanate (/ˈxɑːneɪt,-ət/KHAHN-ayt, -ət) orkhaganate was apolity ruled by akhan,khagan,khatun, orkhanum.[1][2] Khanates were typically nomadicMongolic andTurkic societies located on theEurasian Steppe,[3][4][5] and politically equivalent in status tokinship-based chiefdoms andfeudalmonarchies. Khanates and khaganates were organisedtribally, where leaders gained power on the support and loyalty of their warrior subjects,[3] gaining tribute from subordinates as realm funding.[6] In comparison to a khanate, a khaganate, the realm of akhagan, was alarge nomadic state maintaining subjugation over numerous smaller khanates.[7] The title of khagan, translating as "Khan of the Khans", roughly corresponds in status to that of an emperor.[4]
Mongol Empire (1206–1368) was the largest steppe nomadic Khaganate as well assecond largest empire and the largest contiguous empire[8] in history. AfterGenghis Khan establishedappanages for his family in the Mongol Empire during his rule (1206–1227), his sons, daughters, and grandsons inherited separate sections of the empire. The Mongolian khanates that emerged from those appanages are listed below.
Chagatai Khanate (1226–1347), In 1226, the second son of Genghis Khan, Chagatai Khan established the Chagatai Khanate. At its height in the late 13th century, the khanate extended from theAmu Darya south of theAral Sea to theAltai Mountains in the border of modern-day Mongolia and China, roughly corresponding to the defunctQara Khitai Empire. Initially the rulers of the Chagatai Khanate recognized the supremacy of the Great Khan, but by the reign ofKublai Khan,Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq no longer obeyed the emperor's orders. By 1347 the khanate had split into theMoghulistan and West Chagatai Khanate.[9]
Il-Khanate (1252–1335), In 1256, Il-Khanate was established by the grandson of Genghis Khan,Hulagu Khan. Its core territory lies in what is now part of the countries ofIran,Azerbaijan, andTurkey. At its greatest extent, the Ilkhanate also included parts of modernIraq,Syria,Armenia,Georgia,Afghanistan,Turkmenistan,Pakistan, part of modernDagestan, and part of modernTajikistan. Later Ilkhanate rulers, beginning withGhazan in 1295, converted toIslam. In the 1330s, the Ilkhanate was ravaged by theBlack Death. Its last khanAbu Sa'id died in 1335, after which the khanate disintegrated. The Ilkhanid rulers, although of non-Iranian origin, tried to advertise their authority by tying themselves to the Iranian past, and they recruited historians in order to present the Mongols as heirs to theSasanians (224–651 AD) of pre-Islamic Iran.Turco-Mongol residual states and domains in the 15th century
Kalmyk Khanate, established c.1630 by theTorghut branch of the Mongol Oirats, settled along the lowerVolga River (in modern Russia and Kazakhstan), 1630-1771
Xueyantuo, mentioned in Chinese sources, were aTiele tribe, related to the earlierDingling people, who emerged after the disintegration of the Xiongnu confederacy (they were at one point vassals of theGöktürks, later aligning with theTang dynasty against theEastern Göktürks).
First Bulgarian Empire, which started as a Turkic state, also known as Danube Bulgaria (in contrast to Volga Bulgaria, as both were established by members of the sameBulgar TurkicDulo clan), but later became fullySlavicized and a Tsardom.
Bukey Horde, Bokei or Buqei; also known as the Inner or Interior Horde – This state founded in 1801 by Sultan Bukey under Russian suzerainty, and restyled as the khanate of the Inner Horde in 1812. 5,000–7,500 families of Kazakhs from the Younger KazakhZhuz tribe settled between theVolga andYaik (Ural) rivers. In 1845 the post of khan was abolished, and Russia took over the region.
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