 | You can helpexpand this article with text translated fromthe corresponding article in Russian. (May 2023)Click [show] for important translation instructions.
|
| Kuchum Khan | |
|---|---|
| Khan | |
._%25D0%25A4%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D1%2582.jpg) Kuchum Khan inQashliq | |
| Khan of theSibir Khanate | |
| Reign | 1563–1598 |
| Predecessor | Yadigar bin Qasim |
| Successor | Monarchy abolished |
| Born | 1527 Nogai Horde orKhanate of Sibir |
| Died | c. 1605 (aged 78) Bukhara? |
| Spouse | Suzge Khanum Saltanym Jandawlat Syudejan Aktulum Ak-Syuiryun Shevlel Qubul Chepshan |
| Issue | Ali Qanai Azim Ishim Abdul-Khair Asmanaq Others |
| Father | Murtaza ibnIbak Khan |
| Religion | Islam |
Kuchum Khan (Turki andPersian:کوچم خان,Siberian Tatar:Kütsem; Күцем,Russian: Кучум; 1527-c. 1605) was the lastkhan ofSiberia, reigning from 1563 to 1598.
Kuchum Khan's attempt to spreadIslam and his cross-border raids met with vigorous opposition from Russian tsarIvan the Terrible (r. 1547–1584).
Kuchum was the son of prince Murtaza from theShayban dynasty (Şäyban) and a descendant ofHadji Muhammad.[1] In 1554, he contested the throne of theSiberian Khanate against the incumbent brothers Yadegar (Yädegär) and Bekbulat, who were both Russian vassals.
In 1563, Yadegar was defeated and Kuchum assumed the throne.[2] Kuchum adopted an anti-Russian stance on the basis of religion.[2] Kuchum aimed to secure a military assistance from theCrimean Khanate and theOttoman Empire.[2] However, Kuchum's attempts at forcibly converting his non-Turkic subjects, including theMansi,Khanty andSelkup, may have alienated them instead.[3]
 | This sectionmay containoriginal research. Pleaseimprove it byverifying the claims made and addinginline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.(June 2025) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
In 1572, Russian tsarIvan the Terrible ordered theStroganovs to have aCossack ataman lead an expedition to force the natives into submission.[4] The Stroganovs proposed an invasion of the Siberian Khanate, which Ivan agreed to and authorized the use of guns for the operation.[4]
In 1582, the Siberian Khanate was attacked by the Cossack atamanYermak, whodefeated Kuchum's forces and captured the capitalQashliq. Kuchum retreated into thesteppes, and over the next few years regrouped his forces. He suddenly attacked Yermak on August 6, 1584, in the dead of night, andkilled Yermak and most of his army; regaining control of the now-ruined Qashliq. Kuchum attempted to unite the rival factions within the khanate's nobility but met resistance. After an unsuccessful attempt on his life byQarachi Sayet Khan (Säyet), Kuchum was forced to move his horde to the steppe south of theIrtysh river. There he attempted to establish a new khanate, engaging in a war against the Russian governors.
In 1590, Kuchum raided the Tatars around Tobolsk who were payingyasak (tribute) to the Russians. In 1591, Koltsov caught Kuchum on the Ishym River and captured two of his wives and his son Abdul-Khair who was later given estates in Russia. In 1594, the fort atTara was built in part to control Kuchum who was in the area. In 1595, Kuchum's followers were raided on the upper Irtysh. In 1597, Kuchum asked for negotiations and the Tsar and Abdul-Khair wrote from Russia offering estates in Russia in return for surrender. Before September 1598,Andrey Voyeykov caught a large group of his followers at a place called Ub Lake and later caught Kuchum on the Ob River. Kuchum fled, but the Russians killed two of his sons and captured five other sons, eight wives and eight daughters. A Muslim cleric was sent to negotiate. Kuchum replied, describing himself as deaf and blind and without subsistence and said that he had not submitted before and would not submit now. This was his last contact with the Russians. He is believed to have diedc. 1605 inBukhara. In 1620, his son Ishim-khan married a daughter ofKho Orluk who was then leading his people from Dzugharia to the Volga.[citation needed]
In 1591, Kuchum's son, Abul Khayir was the first of his dynasty to convert toChristianity. His conversion was followed by the conversion of his entire family who eventually assimilated into the Russian nobility. For instance, although Abul Khayir's son was known as Vasily Abulgairovich, his grandson's name, Roman Vasilyevich, could no longer be distinguished from a native Russian name.
In 1686, the tsar decreed that the dynasties of the ruler ofImeretia in the Caucasus along with the Tatar princes of Siberia andKasimov were to be added into the Genealogical Book of the Russian nobility.[5]
In 1661, a man who was said to be a descendant of Kuchum fought the Russians in Bashkiria. In 1739, during the Bashkir War, some said Karasakal to be a Kuchumid.[6]
Kuchum Khan | ||
| Preceded by Yadegar | Khan of Sibir 1563-1598 | Succeeded by None |
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| People | |
| Other | |
