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Afanasievo culture	3300–2500 BC
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Ancient period

Xiongnu	209 BC–93 AD
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Medieval period

Mongol khanates	9th–12th century
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Modern period

National Liberation Revolution	1911
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By topics

Khamag Mongol (Mongolian:Хамаг Монгол,romanized: Khamag Mongol,lit. 'the whole Mongol';Mongolian:ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ;Chinese:蒙兀國) was a looseMongolic tribal confederation on theMongolian Plateau in the 12th century. It is sometimes considered to be apredecessor state to theMongol Empire.^[2]^[3]

The existence of a somewhat mysterious tribal power known in Mongol tradition asKhamag Mongol Uls is recorded in sources of theKhitan-ledLiao dynasty.^[4] After the fall of the Liao dynasty in 1125, the Khamag Mongols began to play an important role on the Mongolian plains.^[5] They occupied one of the most fertile lands of the country, the basins of the riverOnon,Kherlen andTuul Rivers in theKhentii Mountains. TheTaichiud (Cyrillic: Тайчууд) was one of the three core tribes in the Khamag Mongol Khanate of Mongolia during the 12th century and whose people lived in the southern part of Siberia's modern-dayZabaykalsky Krai. The present-day Zabaykalsky Krai and theKhentii Province of Mongolia were the core regions of the Khamag Mongol Khanate.^[6] The Khamags consisted of the three core clansKhiyad, Taichuud, andJalairs.

The first khan of Khamag Mongol recorded in history isKhabul Khan from theBorjigin clan. Khabul Khan successfully repelled the invasions of theJurchen-ledJin armies. Khabul Khan was succeeded byAmbaghai Khagann of the Taichiud. Ambagai was captured by theTatar confederation while delivering his daughter for marriage to their leadership. He was handed over to the Jin, who cruelly executed him. Ambaghai was succeeded byHotula Khan, a son of Khabul Khan. Hotula Khan engaged the Tatars in 13 battles in an effort to obtain vengeance for the death of Ambagai Khan.

Khamag Mongol was unable to elect a khan after Hotula died. However, Khabul's grandsonYesugei, who was a chief of the Khiyad tribe, was an effective and preeminent leader of Khamag Mongol.Temujin, the future Genghis Khan, was born into Yesugei's family as the first son inDelüün Boldog on the upper reaches of the Onon river in 1162.

When youngTughril Khan asked for help from Yesugei, the ruler of the Khamag Mongol,^{[note 1]} to dethrone his brothers among theKeraites, the Mongols helped him defeat the Keraite leaders and put him on the throne in the early 12th century.

Yesugei was poisoned by the Tatars and died shortly after in 1171, after which the Khamag Mongol began to disintegrate. Political anarchy and apower vacuum lasted until 1189 when Temujin became theKhan of the Khamag Mongol. War broke soon out between other Mongol tribes. Temujin's rivalJamukha was recognized by the rival tribes as Gurkhan (the universal ruler) in 1201 but he was defeated by the alliance of Khamag Mongol and Keraites.

When Tughril Khan refused to cement the alliance with the Khamag, Temujin's wars with the clans nearly destroyed him. Temujin united all clans on the Mongolian Plateau at last in 1206, when he was given the titleGenghis Khan.

Notes

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^He never assumed the title the Khan of the Khamag Mongol butbaghatur (hero).

References

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Citations

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^高寳銓.《元秘史李注補正‧卷一‧合不勒合罕》 (in Chinese).《源流》作哈布勒汗，《元史》作葛不律寒，錢大昕曰：「寒卽罕之轉音。」蒙古自葛不律始稱汗，銓案原注引《蒙韃備錄》：「舊有蒙古斯國」云云斷爲，卽合不勒稱汗事當金太宗、熙宗兩主天會間，攷宋高宗紹興元年爲金太宗天會九年，歲在辛亥，下距元太祖元年丙寅七十六年，合不勒稱罕宜在其時是也。至孟珙云：「聞蒙已殘滅者。」蓋合不勒歿，俺巴孩嗣，俺巴孩殁，忽圖剌嗣，忽圖刺歿，泰赤烏旋爲太祖所併，時歲在辛酉，下距孟珙辛巳著書之歲二十有一年，故曰久矣，非指金之虜俺巴孩也。
^Bat-Ocher Bold (2001),Mongolian nomadic society: a reconstruction of the "medieval" history of Mongolia, Richmond, Surrey: Curzon, p. 176,ISBN 0-7007-1158-9
^History of the Mongolian People's Republic By Akademii︠a︡ nauk SSSR, p. 99.
^Khamag Mongol Uls
^Histoire de la Mongolie By László Lőrincz, p. 43.
^History of Mongolia, Volume II, 2003

Sources

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Akademiiya nauk SSSR – History of the Mongolian People's Republic, Nauka Pub. House, Central Dept. of Oriental Literature, 1973
Bat-Ochir Bold – Mongolian Nomadic Society, St. Martin's Press, 1999.ISBN 0-312-22827-9
The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, 1974: Macropaedia Me-NeISBN 0-85229-290-2
László Lőrincz – Histoire de la Mongolie, Akadémiai Kiadó,the University of Michigan, 1984.ISBN 963-05-3381-2

Ethnic groups

in China	Abaga Abaganar Aohans Asud Baarin Chahar Eastern Dorbet Darkhan (Shar Darkhad) Gorlos Kharchin Khishigten Khorchin Khuuchid Jaruud Naiman Ordos Tumed Urad Üzemchin

Oirats

Buryats

Other

See also:Donghu and Xianbei ·Turco-Mongol ·Modern ethnic groups
^*Mongolized ethnic groups.^**Ethnic groups of Mongolian origin or with a large Mongolian ethnic component.

Inner Asia history series

Nomadic empires

Chinese empires

Han	against Xiongnu Protectorate of the Western Regions Chief Official
Tang	against Western Turks /Eastern Turks against Tibet Mongolian Plateau Beiting Tarim Basin
Liao	Western Liao Northern Liao Eastern Liao Later Liao
Yuan	against Northwest khanates Manchuria Mongolia Tibet Northern Yuan
Ming	against Mongols against Turpan Manchuria Tibet
Qing	against Dzungar genocide Lifan Yuan Amban Manchuria Mongolia Tibet Xinjiang