Khalil al-Wazir | |
|---|---|
 Khalil al-Wazir strategizing | |
| Nickname | Abu Jihad |
| Born | (1935-10-10)10 October 1935 |
| Died | 16 April 1988(1988-04-16) (aged 52) Tunis, Tunisia |
| Buried | Al Yarmuk camp,Syria |
| Allegiance | Fatah/Palestine Liberation Organization |
| Branch | Al-Assifa |
| Rank | Commander |
| Battles / wars | |
| Relations | Intissar al-Wazir (wife) |
Khalil Ibrahim al-Wazir[note 1] (Arabic:خليل إبراهيم الوزير, also known by hiskunyaAbu Jihad[note 2]أبو جهاد—"Jihad's Father"; 10 October 1935 – 16 April 1988) was aPalestinian leader and co-founder of thenationalist partyFatah. As a top aide ofPalestine Liberation Organization (PLO)ChairmanYasser Arafat, al-Wazir had considerable influence in Fatah's military activities, eventually becoming the commander of Fatah's armed wingal-Assifa.
Al-Wazir became arefugee when his family wasexpelled from Ramla during the1948 Arab–Israeli War, and began leading a minorfedayeen force in theGaza Strip. In the early 1960s he established connections for Fatah withCommunist regimes and prominent third-world leaders. He opened Fatah's first bureau inAlgeria. He played an important role in the 1970–71Black September clashes inJordan, by supplying besieged Palestinian fighters with weapons and aid. Following the PLO's defeat by theJordanian Army, al-Wazir joined the PLO inLebanon.
Prior to and duringIsrael's 1982 invasion of Lebanon, al-Wazir plannednumerous attacks inside Israel against both civilian and military targets. He preparedBeirut's defense against incoming Israeli forces. Nonetheless, the Israeli military prevailed and al-Wazir was exiled from Lebanon with the rest of the Fatah leadership. He settled inAmman for a two-year period and was then exiled toTunis in 1986. From his base there, he started to organize youth committees in thePalestinian territories; these eventually formed a major component of the Palestinian forces in theFirst Intifada. However, he did not live to command the uprising. On 16 April 1988, he was assassinated at his home in Tunis by Israeli commandos.
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Khalil al-Wazir was born in 1935 toMuslim parents in the city ofRamla,Palestine, then underBritish Mandatory rule. His father, Ibrahim al-Wazir, worked as a grocer in the city.[1][2] Al-Wazir and his family wereexpelled in July 1948, along with another 50,000–70,000 Palestinians from Lydda and Ramla, following Israel'scapture of the area during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.[3] They settled in theBureij refugee camp in the Gaza Strip, where al-Wazir attended a secondary school run byUNRWA.[4] While in high school, he began organizing a small group offedayeen to harass Israelis at military posts near the Gaza Strip and theSinai Peninsula.[1]
In 1954 he came into contact withYasser Arafat inGaza; al-Wazir would become Arafat's right-hand man later in his life. During his time in Gaza, al-Wazir became a member of theEgyptian Muslim Brotherhood,[5] and was briefly imprisoned for his membership with the organization, as it was prohibited in Egypt.[6] In 1956, a few months after his release from prison, he received military training inCairo.[2] He also studiedarchitectural engineering at theUniversity of Alexandria,[7] but he did not graduate. Al-Wazir was detained once again in 1957 for leadingraids against Israel and was exiled toSaudi Arabia, finding work as a schoolteacher.[1] He continued to teach after moving toKuwait in 1959.[6]
Al-Wazir used his time in Kuwait to further his ties with Arafat and other fellow Palestinian exiles he had met in Egypt. He and his comrades foundedFatah, aPalestinian nationalist guerrilla and political organization, sometime between 1959 and 1960.[8] He moved toBeirut after being put in charge of editing the newly formed organization's monthly magazineFalastinuna, Nida' Al Hayat ("Our Palestine, the Call to Life"), as he was "the only one with a flair for writing."[8] The magazine was established by Arafat and Al Wazir in November 1959.[9]
Al Wazir settled inAlgeria in 1962, after a delegation of Fatah leaders, including Arafat andFarouk Kaddoumi, were invited there byAlgerian PresidentAhmed Ben Bella. Al-Wazir remained there, opened a Fatah office and military training camp inAlgiers and was included in an Algerian-Fatah delegation toBeijing in 1964.[10] During his visit, he presented Fatah's ideas to various leaders of the People's Republic of China, including premierZhou Enlai,[11] and thus inaugurated Fatah's good relationship with China. He also toured otherEast Asian countries, establishing relations withNorth Korea and theViet Cong.[10] Al-Wazir supposedly "charmedChe Guevara" during Guevara's speech in Algiers.[8] With his guerrilla credentials and his contacts with arms-supplying nations, he was assigned the role of recruiting and training fighters, thus establishing Fatah's armed wingal-Assifa (the Storm).[12] While in Algiers, he recruitedAbu Ali Iyad who became his deputy and one of the high-ranking commanders of al-Assifa in Syria and Jordan.[13]
Al-Wazir and the Fatah leadership settled inDamascus,Syria in 1965, in order take advantage of the large number ofPalestine Liberation Army (PLA) members there. On 9 May 1966, he and Arafat were detained by Syrian police loyal to air marshalHafez al-Assad after an incident where a pro-Syrian Palestinian leader,Yusuf Orabi was thrown out of the window of a three-story building and killed. Al-Wazir and Arafat were either considering uniting Fatah with Orabi's faction—the Revolutionary Front for the Liberation of Palestine—or winning Orabi's support against Arafat's rivals within the Fatah leadership. An argument occurred, eventually leading to Orabi's murder; however, al-Wazir and Arafat had already left the scene shortly before the incident. According to Aburish, Orabi and Assad were "close friends" and Assad appointed a panel to investigate what happened. The panel found both Arafat and al-Wazir guilty, butSalah Jadid, then deputy secretary-general of thepresident of Syria, pardoned them.[8]
After the defeat of a coalition of Arab states in the 1967Six-Day War, major Palestinian guerrilla organizations that participated in the war or were sponsored by any of the involved Arab states, such as theArab Nationalist Movement led byGeorge Habash and thePalestine Liberation Army ofAhmad Shukeiri, lost considerable influence among the Palestinian population.[citation needed] This made Fatah the dominant faction of thePalestine Liberation Organization (PLO). They gained 33 of 105 seats in thePalestinian National Council (PNC) (the most seats allocated to any guerrilla group), thus strengthening al-Wazir's position. During theBattle of Karameh, in March 1968, he and Salah Khalaf held important command positions among Fatah fighters against theIsraeli Defense Forces (IDF), which developed his credentials as a military strategist.[14] This eventually led to him taking command ofal-Assifa, holding major positions in the PNC,[2] and the Supreme Military Council of the PLO. He was also put in charge ofguerrilla warfare operations in both theoccupied Palestinian territories and Israel proper.[1][12]
During theBlack September clashes in Jordan, al-Wazir supplied the encircled Palestinian forces inJerash andAjlun with arms and aid,[15] but the conflict was decided in Jordan's favor. After Arafat and thousands of Fatah fighters retreated toLebanon, al-Wazir negotiated an agreement betweenKing Hussein and the PLO's leading organizer, calling for better Palestinian conduct in Jordan.[16] Then, along with the other PLO leaders, he relocated toBeirut.[15]
Al-Wazir did not play a major role in theLebanese Civil War; he confined himself primarily to strengthening theLebanese National Movement, the PLO's main ally in the conflict.[15] During thefall of the Tel al-Zaatar camp to theLebanese Front, al-Wazir blamed himself for not organizing a rescue effort.[17]
During his time in Lebanon, al-Wazir was responsible for coordinating high-profile operations. He allegedly planned theSavoy Hotel attack in 1975, in which eight Fatah militants raided and took civilian hostages in the Savoy hotel inTel Aviv, killing eight of them, as well as three Israeli soldiers.[18] TheCoastal Road massacre, in March 1978, was also planned by al-Wazir. In this attack, six Fatah members hijacked a bus and killed 35 Israeli civilians.[19] Other attacks he was implicated in include the1974 Nahariya attack, theZion Square refrigerator bombing, and the1980 Hebron attack.[20][21]
WhenIsrael besieged Beirut in 1982, al-Wazir, disagreed with the PLO's leftist members and Salah Khalaf; he proposed that the PLO pull out of Beirut. Nevertheless, al-Wazir and his aide Abu al-Walid planned Beirut's defense and helped direct PLO forces against the IDF.[22] PLO forces were eventually defeated and then expelled from Lebanon, with most of the leadership relocating toTunis, although al-Wazir and 264 other PLO members were received by King Hussein of Jordan.[11][23]
Dissatisfied at the decisive defeat of Palestinian forces in Lebanon during the 1982 Lebanon War, al-Wazir concentrated on establishing a solid Fatah base in theIsraeli-occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip. In 1982, he began to sponsor youth committees in the territories. These organizations would grow and initiate theFirst Intifada in December 1987 (the wordIntifada inArabic, literally translated as "shaking off", is generally used to describe an uprising or revolt).
The Intifada began as an uprising of Palestinian youth against theIsraeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip.[24] On 7 June 1986, about a year before the Intifada started, al-Wazir was deported fromAmman toBaghdad, eventually moving toTunisia days after King Hussein declared that efforts in establishing a joint strategy for theIsraeli–Palestinian conflict between Jordan and the PLO were over.[11]
The first stage of the Intifada took place upon escalation of two unrelated incidents in the Gaza Strip. The first was a traffic incident at theErez checkpoint, where an Israeli military vehicle hit a group of Palestinian laborers, killing four of them. The funerals, attended by 10,000 people from the camp that evening, quickly led to a large demonstration. Rumours swept the camp that the incident was an act of intentional retaliation for the second event - stabbing to death of an Israeli businessman, killed while shopping in Gaza two days earlier. Following the throwing of a petrol bomb at a passing patrol car in the Gaza Strip on the following day, Israeli forces, firing with live ammunition and tear gas canisters into angry crowds, shot one young Palestinian dead and wounded 16 others.
However, within weeks, following persistent requests by al-Wazir, the PLO attempted to direct the uprising, which lasted until 1991, or 1993, according to various authorities. Al-Wazir had been assigned by Arafat the responsibility of the territories within the PLO command. According to authorSaid Aburish, he had "impressive knowledge of local conditions" in theIsraeli-occupied territories, apparently knowing "every village, school, and large family in Gaza and the West Bank". He provided the uprising with financial backing and logistical support, thus becoming its "brain in exile". Al-Wazir activated every cell he had set up in the territories since the late 1970s in an effort to militarily back the stone-throwers who formed the backbone of the Palestinian revolt. He also used the opportunity to reform the PLO.[24] According to authorYezid Sayigh, al-Wazir believed that the Intifada should not have been sacrificed to Arafat solely for use as a diplomatic or political tool.[25]
Al-Wazir was assassinated in an Israeli commando raid in his home inTunis on the early morning of 16 April 1988 at the age of 52.[26]
The Israeli government had decided to assassinate him after the outbreak of theFirst Intifada. Israel accused al-Wazir of escalating the violence of the Intifada, which was ongoing at the time of his assassination.[24] TheMothers' Bus attack, a March 1988 hijacking of an Israeli bus believed to have been organized by Al-Wazir in which three Israeli civilians were killed, was a major catalyst in pushing the Israeli government to approve the assassination.[27]
In his bookRise and Kill First, which was based on interviews with Israeli military and intelligence personnel, Israeli journalistRonen Bergman provided a detailed account of the assassination. TheIsraeli security cabinet under Prime MinisterYitzhak Shamir met on 14 March 1988 to discuss assassinating him. Although Shamir could have given the order on his own, he was aware of the potential ramifications of assassinating such a high-profile figure and did not want to take sole responsibility. The security cabinet approved the assassination by a vote of 6 to 4.[28]The Washington Post reported on 21 April that theIsraeli cabinet approved al-Wazir's assassination on 13 April.[11]
The assassination, codenamed Operation Introductory Lesson, had been planned by theMossad for over a year. Mossad agents had scouted routes to his home from the nearby beach and mapped his neighborhood. The Mossad andIsraeli military intelligence had tracked his movements and tapped his telephone lines. Under the plan, a naval flotilla backed by air cover would land commandos on the Tunisian coast, where they would be driven to his home by waiting Mossad agents and kill him.Ehud Barak, the IDF Deputy Chief of Staff, was placed in overall command of the operation.[28][29]
On 14 April, six Mossad operatives arrived in Tunis on flights from Europe. Three of them rented twoVolkswagen Transporters and aPeugeot 305, which would be used to ferry the raiding force from the beach to his home. Another three were deployed as lookouts, positioning themselves behind a clump of trees to monitor his home and ensure that he was there. Under the plan, the drivers would evacuate by sea with the commandos while the lookouts would leave Tunisia on commercial flights after the operation.[28]
At the same time, anIsraeli Navy flotilla sailed towards Tunisia, halting 25 miles off the Tunisian coast on 15 April. It consisted of five missile boats carrying 33Sayeret Matkal andShayetet 13 commandos along with a mobile hospital and communications equipment, a larger vessel disguised as a cargo ship and fitted out as a helicopter carrier with a reserve Sayeret Matkal unit ready to intervene if the operation went awry, and theGal-class submarine INSGal providing an underwater escort. TheIsraeli Air Force provided cover overhead with a Boeing 707 communications aircraft to serve as a communications relay, monitor Tunisian communications, and stand by to jam Tunisian radar and air control if needed, and F-15 fighter jets patrolling off the Tunisian coast ready to provide backup.[28]
At dusk on 15 April, after the INSGal surveyed the shore and reported that the beach was deserted, the commando force headed out towards the shore in rubber dinghies. As they approached the beach, seven Shayetet 13 commandos led byYoav Galant dived into the water and swam onto the beach, where they created a perimeter, established radio contact with the waiting Mossad drivers and told them to approach the shore, and cleared the rest of the commandos to land. The Sayeret Matkal commandos linked up with the Mossad drivers and changed into dry clothes they carried in waterproof bags; they would infiltrate Al-Wazir's neighborhood dressed as civilians, including some disguised as women. The Shayetet 13 commandos remained on the beach to keep it secure for the evacuation. Meanwhile, Al-Wazir arrived at home just after midnight with two bodyguards, and was observed by the Mossad lookouts watching his house. He then took a phone call from an aide who informed him he had a seat reserved on a flight toBaghdad at a little after 3:00 am. Israeli intelligence had been monitoring the call. While it had been originally intended to enter his home at 1:30 am, it was deemed likely that he would be on his way to the airport by then, and it was decided to execute the mission immediately.[28]
The two Volkswagen Transporters, which carried the commando team, then set out. Two Mossad operatives drove the Peugeot 305 ahead of them to scout the route for the attacking force and ensure they would not run into any unexpected obstacles. The three vehicles stopped a few hundred yards from Al-Wazir's home. As the commandos advanced, a final effort was made to positively confirm his presence, as the report by the Mossad lookouts was not considered sufficient evidence. A phone call was placed to his home through an exchange inItaly, the means by which he generally communicated with personnel in the Palestinian territories, and a conversation was initiated with him while three Arabic-speaking soldiers fromUnit 8200 in the operation's command bunker in Tel Aviv who had extensively studied his voice monitored the conversation. After each of them confirmed that the voice was Al-Wazir's, the command bunker in Tel Aviv then radioed the seaborne command post that the operation could proceed.[28]
After receiving final approval for the operation, the Sayeret Matkal force, led by Major Nahum Lev, then went into action. Lev and another soldier disguised as a woman approached one of his bodyguards who was sitting in a car next to the house, showed him a hotel brochure and asked him how to get there, then shot him as he studied the brochure. A group of commandos then moved forward and opened the door with a hydraulic jack while the rest of the force surrounded the house. Commandos then entered the home. Some went into the basement where they killed the second bodyguard and the family's gardener who was sleeping there. Al-Wazir was found upstairs and killed, with the commandos taking turns firing into his body after he fell. He was shot a total of 52 times.[28] The entire raid, from the killing of the guard in the car in front of his house to the commandos returning to the vehicles to make their getaway, took five minutes.[30]
The raiding force then evacuated to the beach and returned to the missile boats. The local police were distracted by multiple false reports placed by Mossad agents of a convoy of cars racing from Al-Wazir's neighborhood towards downtown Tunis - the opposite direction from the one taken by the raiding force.[28]
According to other accounts, he was shot on the landing of his house by a commando who pursued him upstairs when he ran there after hearing the shots that killed two security guards outside.[31] A different version has it he was working on a memo to leaders of the Intifada, and only had time to fire off one shot from his pistol when the assassination squad burst into his rooms. He was shot at close range, reportedly 70 times, in the presence of his wife Intissar and his son Nidal, above whose bed a commando then fired a burst of automatic fire as a warning.[24][32] Another account posits that the assassins gained entry to the PLO compound via IDs stolen from kidnapped Lebanese fishermen.[33]
Following his assassination, riots immediately broke out in the Palestinian territories, and at least a dozen Palestinians were shot dead in the worst show of violence since the outbreak of the uprising.[32] He was buried in theYarmouk refugee camp inDamascus on 21 April;[11] Arafat led the funeral procession.[24]
In 2012, Israel unofficially confirmed that it was responsible for his assassination, after an interview Ronen Bergman conducted with Nahum Lev was cleared for publication – its release had been blocked by military censors for more than a decade. In that interview, Lev gave Bergman a detailed account of the operation.[34]
TheUnited States Department of State condemned his killing as an "act of political assassination".[35][36] TheUN Security Council approvedResolution 611 condemning "the aggression perpetrated against the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Tunisia", without specifically mentioning Israel.[37]
Al-Wazir married his cousinIntissar al-Wazir in 1962 and had five children with her. They had three sons, named Jihad, Bassem and Nidal, and two daughters, named Iman and Hanan al-Wazir.[38] Intissar and her children returned to Gaza following theOslo Accords between Israel and the PLO and in 1996 she became the first female minister in thePalestinian National Authority.[39] Intissar later became head of thePalestinian Authority Martyrs Fund, the organization that provides stipends to the families of Palestinians killed or wounded during confrontations with Israeli authorities.[40] His sonJihad al-Wazir is formerly the governor of the Palestinian Monetary Authority and currently works for theInternational Monetary Fund.[41]
AfterHamas' takeover of the Gaza Strip in 2007, looters raided al-Wazir's home, reportedly stealing his personal belongings. Intissar al-Wazir said that the looting "occurred in broad daylight and under the watchful eye of Hamas militiamen."[42][note 3]
In 2014, the Palestinian Authority named a forest in the West Bank as the Martyr Khalil Al-Wazir Forest.[43]
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