| Khaemwaset inhieroglyphs | |||||||
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Khaemwaset ḫꜥ m wꜣst "He who appeared in Thebes" | |||||||
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PrinceKhaemweset (also translated asKhamwese,Khaemwese orKhaemwaset orSetne Khamwas)[1][2] (c. 1281 BCE - 1225 BCE)[3] was the fourth son ofRamesses II and the second son by his queenIsetnofret. His contributions to Egyptian society were remembered for centuries after his death.[4] Khaemweset has been described as "the firstEgyptologist" due to his efforts in identifying and restoring historic buildings, tombs and temples.
According to historian Miriam Lichtheim:[2]
Khaemweset was the second son of Ramesses II and Queen Isetnofret. He was born during the reign of his grandfatherPharaohSeti I and the fourth son overall. In about the 13th year of the reign of Seti I, crown-prince Ramesses put down a minor revolt in Nubia. Ramesses took his small sonsAmunherwenemef and Khaemweset with him on this military campaign. Khaemweset may have been only 4 years old at this time. Khaemweset and his older brother are shown making a charge on the battle field in a chariot. The events were recorded in scenes in the temple at Beit el Wali.[5]
Khaemweset grew up with his brothers during a time of foreign conflict and he is present in scenes from theBattle of Kadesh, the siege of Qode (Naharin), and the siege of Dapur in Syria. In the battle of Kadesh scenes from year 5 of Ramesses II, Khaemweset is shown leading sons of the chiefs of Hatti before the gods. These princes were prisoners of war. In scenes depicting the battle of Qode, Khaemweset is shown both leading prisoners before his father and serving as an attendant of his father. In year 10 of Ramesses II Khaemweset is present during the battle of Dapur.[6]
After this initial period where Khaemweset may have had some military training, or at least was present at the battlefield, he became a Sem-Priest of Ptah inMemphis. This appointment occurred in c. Year 16 of Ramesses II's reign. He would have initially been a deputy to the High Priest ofPtah in Memphis namedHuy. During his time as Sem-Priest Khaemweset was quite active in rituals, including the burial of severalApis bulls at theSerapeum of Saqqara. In year 16 of Ramesses, the Apis bull died and was buried in the Serapeum. Funerary gifts were presented by theHigh Priest of Ptah,Huy, Khaemweset himself, his brotherPrince Ramesses, andVizier Paser. The next burial took place in year 30 and at that time the gifts came from the chief of the treasury Suty and the Mayor of Memphis named Huy. After this second burial Khaemweset redesigned the Serapeum. He created an underground gallery where a series of burial chambers allowed for the burial of several Apis bulls.[5]
Around the 25thregnal year of his father, his older brother Ramesses becamecrown prince, and in the 30th year, Khaemweset's name started to appear in the announcements of theSed festivals. These were traditionally held in Memphis, but some of the announcements were made inUpper Egypt atEl Kab andGebel el-Silsila. While he was aSem priest, Khaemweset may have constructed and built additions to the temple of Ptah in Memphis. There are several inscriptions which attest to Khaemweset's activities in Memphis.[6]
Khaemweset restored the monuments of earlier kings and nobles. Restoration texts were found associated with thepyramid of Unas atSaqqara, the tomb ofShepseskaf called theMastabat al-Fir’aun, the sun-Temple ofNyuserre Ini, thePyramid of Sahure, thePyramid of Djoser, and thePyramid of Userkaf.Inscriptions at the pyramid temple of Userkaf show Khaemweset with offering bearers, and at the pyramid temple of Sahure Khamwaset offers a statue of the goddessBast.[6]
Khaemweset restored a statue of PrinceKawab, a son of KingKhufu. The inscription on the throne reads:
Some of these restorations took place during his later tenure as Sem priest. The work on the pyramid of Djoser is dated to year 36 of Ramesses II. Some of the inscriptions mention Khaemweset's title as "Chief of the Artificers" or "Chief of Crafts". Hence, some of these restorations were undertaken after his promotion as the High Priest of Ptah in Memphis about the 45th year of the reign of Ramesses II.[5]
Khaemweset held the position of Crown Prince to the throne between Year 50 and Year 55 of his father's reign when he died. He was succeeded in this position by his full brotherMerneptah.[4] He also served as Governor ofMemphis.
Khaemweset was the son of Ramesses II and Queen Isetnofret. He had at least two brothers:Prince Ramesses was his elder brother andMerneptah was his younger brother.Bintanath was his sister. These three siblings are depicted on the Aswan Rock stela with the Pharaoh and Queen shown with Khaemweset in another register. It is possible that Princess Isetnofret was a full sister of Khaemwaset as well, although it is equally possible she was only a half-sister.[4]
Khaemweset is known to have had two sons and a daughter. His eldest son, Ramesses, is mentioned on ablock statue fromMemphis. Ramesses holds the title "King's Son" on the statue, which here should be interpreted as King's grandson. On the Dorsal Pillar the text reads: "[It is] his dear [son] who perpetuates his name - The King's Son, excellent in wisdom, upright in mind in every deed, great in his enlightenment at all times to maintain the offerings for his father, – the King's Son Ramesses, justified and venerated one."[6]
His second son,Hori, becameHigh Priest of Ptah at Memphis during the later part of the 19th Dynasty.
Khaemweset is also known to have had a daughter namedIsetnofret (also written asIsitnofret). Other women at court with that name include her grandmother QueenIsetnofret and her father’s sister. Khaemweset's daughter Isetnofret may have married her uncle, the pharaohMerneptah. If so, this would make her QueenIsetnofret II.[4] Isetnofret's tomb may have recently[when?] been found in Saqqara during excavations byWaseda University.[7]Not much is known about Khaemweset's wife, though in the demotic story, Setna II, his wife bears the name Meheweskhe.[8]
One grandson of his is known. His son Hori had a son who was also named Hori. This grandson of Khaemweset would later serve asVizier of Egypt during the tumultuous period at the end of theNineteenth Dynasty. He was still performing these duties underRamesses III.
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Whilst first exploring theSerapeum of Saqqara between 1851 and 1853, French EgyptologistAuguste Mariette was confronted by a huge rock, which could only be moved by the use of explosives. Once the shattered remnants of the rock were removed, an intact coffin was discovered which contained the mummy of a man, accompanied by numerous funerary treasures. A gold mask covered his face, and amulets gave his name as Prince Khaemweset, son ofRamesses II and builder of the Serapeum. These remains have now been lost but Egyptologists believe that this was not the grave of Khaemweset and that the remains were those of an Apis Bull made into a human form to resemble the Prince.
The Egyptologist Aidan Dodson is quoted writing in his book "Canopic Equipment from the Serapeum of Memphis":
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During earlier excavations theWaseda University expedition found the remains of a monument which may have been Khaemweset's "ka-house".[10]
In later periods of Egyptian history, Khaemweset was remembered as a wise man, and portrayed as the hero in a cycle of stories dating to theHellenistic period.[4] In these stories his name is Setne, a distortion of the real Khaemwaset's title assetem-priest of Ptah; modern scholars call this character "Setne Khamwas".[11]
The first tale, dubbedSetne I orSetne Khamwas and Naneferkaptah, describes how Khaemwaset seeks and finds a book of powerful magical spells, theBook of Thoth, in the tomb of Prince Naneferkaptah. Against the wishes of Naneferkaptah's spirit, Khaemwaset takes the book and becomes cursed. Setne then meets a beautiful woman who seduces him into killing his children and humiliating himself in front of the pharaoh. He discovers that this episode was an illusion created by Neferkaptah, and in fear of further retribution, Setne returns the book to Neferkaptah's tomb. At Neferkaptah's request, Setne also finds the bodies of Neferkaptah's wife and son and buries them in Neferkaptah's tomb, which is then sealed.[12]
The second tale is known asSetne II or theTale of Setne Khamwas and Si-Osire. Khaemwaset and his wife have a son named Si-Osire who turns out to be a highly skilled magician. In the first part of the story, Si-Osire brings his father to visit theDuat, the land of the dead, where they see the pleasant fate of the deceased spirits who lived justly and the torments inflicted on spirits who sinned during their lives. In the second part, it is revealed that Si-Osire is actually a famous magician from the time ofThutmose III who returned to save Egypt from a Nubian magician. After the confrontation, Si-Osire disappears, and Khaemwaset and his wife have a real son who is also named Si-Osire in honor of the magician.[13]
Media related toKhaemweset at Wikimedia Commons
