| Value | 6văn (1⁄200French Indochinese piastre)[1] |
|---|---|
| Mass | first series = 2.28 g second series = 2.10 g |
| Diameter | 22 mm |
| Thickness | 1 mm |
| Composition | Brass |
| Years of minting | 1921 (1921)–1933 (1933) |
| Mintage | 27,629,000 (first series) 200,000,000 (second series) |
| Obverse | |
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| Design | 啓定通寳 (Khải Định Thông Bảo) |
| Reverse | |
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| Design | Blank[2][3] |
TheKhải Định Thông Bảo (chữ Hán: 啓定通寳;[a]French:Sapèque Khaï-Dinh) was aFrench Indochinese sapèque coin produced from 1921 until 1933, the design of the coin was round with a square hole that was used forstringing them together.Khải Định becameEmperor of Annam in 1916 the funding for the production of new cash coins was reduced by theHanoi Mint which lead to the demand of the Vietnamese market for low value denominations to not be met, furthermore, after Hanoi reduced funding for theThanh Hóa Mint, which until that time was producing enough low denomination cast cash coins to meet the market's demands, which caused most, but not all, of the production of cash coins at the mint to cease in 1920.[1] In response a new committee was formed in Hanoi which ordered the creation ofmachine-struck Khải Định Thông Bảo cash coins, these are the first machine-struck four character Thông Bảo (通寳) coins in Vietnam with the reigning emperor's name as theFrench government had prior tried to introduce aCochinchinese 2 sapèque coin that continued under French Indochina that weighed 2.05 grams and had a nominal value of1⁄500 piastre, later the colonial government of theFrench Protectorate of Tonkin had unsuccessfully tried to introduce azinc milled sapèque produced by theParis Mint with a nominal value of1⁄600 piastre from 1905 until 1906. Unlike the earlier attempts at producing machine-struck cash coins by the colonial French authorities the Khải Định Thông Bảo proved to be much more successful as the first series had a production of 27,629,000 coins while the second series greatly exceeded this with around 200,000,000 coins produced inHuế,Haiphong, and Hanoi.[4][5] The Khải Định Thông Bảo continued to be produced long after the death of Emperor Khải Định under his successorBảo Đại until it was phased out by theBảo Đại Thông Bảo (保大通寳) in 1933.[6][7]
In theFrench protectorate of Annam cash coins were still being used for virtually all transactions as late as 1921, in order to combatdeflation the Khải Định Thông Bảo was introduced and mass-produced.[8] The new machine-struck were produced in theFrench protectorate of Tonkin to be placed into the treasury of thegovernment of the Nguyễn dynasty until an opportune moment would present itself to introduce them into general circulation to combat the negative effects ofhoarding, which resulted in the gradual disappearance of older cash coins from circulation causing the low denomination copper-alloy coins to become scarce.[8] The new Khải Định Thông Bảo cash coins were introduced with a hope to reduce thecost of living caused by delfation.[8]
The French government in Annam announced in their official bulletin that they would exchange 1 Khải Định Thông Bảo cash coin for 6 zinc cash coins in order to promote their circulation.[8] According to an ordonnance entitledFixing the exchange of the new cash coins bearing the reign era of Khải Định (Fixant la valeur d'échange de la nouvelle sapèque portant la chiffre de Règne Khai-Dinh) signed on 01-09-Khải Định 5 (12 October 1920) by five of thesix ministers of the Nguyễn dynasty, the Khải Định Emperor, and the Governor-General of French IndochinaMaurice Long, the people of Đại Nam are "warned that cash coins are for their daily life and serve as an article of their very first necessity" and that "there is no worsemalaise than the scarcity of cash coins", while emphasising that theproduction costs of the currency is higher than their nominal and market value and that their continued production constitutes a heavy burden both for the French Indochinese and Nguyễn dynasty governments, but that the government prefers to bear this burden than let the people suffer from the negative consequences of their scarcity.[9]
Because the machine-struck Khải Định Thông Bảo cash coins were heavier than the earlier milled 2 sapèques produced by the Paris Mint, they were likely valued at1⁄200 piastre.[1] A number of the machine-struck cash coins were produced byPoinsard & Veyret Comptoirs D'Extrême-Orient inHải Phòng,French Tonkin.[1] While the Hanoi-made coins were struck by theBanque de l'Indochine.[10]
In Tonkin these coins were welcomed and circulated with small denomination coins of the French Indochinese piastre, while in Annam the people were more reluctant to adopt the new machine-struck coinage.[11]
The inscription "Khải Định Thông Bảo" was also used for non-cash coins produced under the reign of Emperor Khải Định fortiền (錢) andlạng (兩) coins made from silver and gold, respectively.[12] Although more commonly the inscriptionKhải Định Niên Tạo (啓定年造) was used for silver ingots (sycees).[13]
Media related toKhải Định Thông Bảo at Wikimedia CommonsVietnamese cash coins by inscription | ||
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| Đinh dynasty |
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| Fourth Chinese domination |
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| Nguyễn dynasty |
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Vietnamese currency | ||
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| Imperial Vietnam | _Art-Hanoi_02.jpg) _02.jpg) | |
| Colonial Vietnam | ||
| Democratic Republic | ||
| South Vietnam | ||
| Socialist Republic | ||
| Exonumia | ||
See also:Economy of Vietnam | ||
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