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Kháng language

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Austroasiatic language spoken in Vietnam
Not to be confused withTay Khang language.
Kháng
Mang U’
Native toVietnam
RegionSơn La andLai Châu provinces
EthnicityKhang
Native speakers
14,000 (2009 census)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3kjm – inclusive code
Individual code:
xao – Khao
Glottologkhan1274
ELPKháng

Kháng (Chinese:抗语), also known asMang U’, is anAustroasiatic language ofVietnam.[2] It is closely related to theBumang language of southernYunnan, China.

Classification

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Paul Sidwell (2014)[3] classifies Khang asPalaungic, althoughJerold Edmondson (2010) suggests it isKhmuic.

Kháng is most closely related toBumang (Edmondson 2010).

Distribution

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Kháng speakers are an officially recognized ethnic group in Vietnam,[4] and officially numbered 10,272 in 1999.

The Kháng are distributed in the following districts of northwest Vietnam inSơn La Province andLai Châu Province:[5]

Tạ (2021) contains a phonology and word list of the Kháng dialect of Nậm Mu village,Phình Sáng commune,Tuần Giáo district,Điện Biên province.[6]

Phonology

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Consonants[6]
LabialAlveolarPalatalVelarGlottal
Plosiveptkʔ
Implosiveɓɗ
Fricativesh
Nasalmnɲŋ
Approximantwlj
Vowels[6]
FrontCentralBack
Highiɯu
Mid-higheɤɤːo
Mid-lowɛɔ
Lowa

Additionally, the following diphthongs can be found: /iɤ/, /ɯɤ/, /uɤ/.

Kháng also has eighttones in total, six of which appear on "live syllables" - open syllables or syllables ending with sonorants, and the other two are limited to "dead syllables" - syllables ending in the oral stops /p t k/.[6] Each tone also carries with it a specificregister affecting the phonation of the syllable.

The live syllable tones are as follows:

  • [ ˥ ] - high, level, modal voice
  • [ ˩ˀ] - low, level, ending in a glottal stop
  • [ ˧˥ˀ] - high-rising, ending in a glottal stop
  • [ ˧˩ˀ] - low-falling, ending in a glottal stop
  • [ ˧˨˧ ] - mid-dipping, modal voice
  • [ ˨˩˨ ] - low-dipping, creaky voice

The dead syllable tones are as follows:

  • [ ˦˧ ] - high-falling
  • [ ˩˨ ] - low-rising

References

[edit]
  1. ^Kháng atEthnologue (18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
    Khao atEthnologue (18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
  2. ^Hammarström (2015)Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: a comprehensive review: online appendices
  3. ^Sidwell, Paul. 2014. "Khmuic classification and homelandArchived 2016-02-03 at theWayback Machine".Mon-Khmer Studies 43.1:47-56
  4. ^"Documenting and Preserving the Khang Language in Vietnam".United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Retrieved2016-08-29.
  5. ^Edmondson, Jerold A. (2010)."The Kháng language of Vietnam in comparison to Ksingmul (Xinh-mun)"(PDF). In McElhanon, Kenneth A.; Reesink, Ger (eds.).A Mosaic of languages and cultures: studies celebrating the career of Karl J. Franklin. SIL e-Books. SIL International, Dallas. p. 140.
  6. ^abcdTạ, Quang Tùng (2021)."A Phonology and Lexicon of Khang in Vietnam".Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society.14 (2).hdl:10524/52487.ISSN 1836-6821. Retrieved2023-06-30.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Dao, Jie 刀洁. 2007.Bumang yu yanjiu 布芒语研究 [A study of Bumang]. Beijing: Minzu University.
  • Ferlus, Michel. 1996.Langues et peuples viet-muong [Viet-Muong languages and peoples].Mon-Khmer Studies 26. 7–28
  • Mikami, Naomitsu. 2003. "A Khang phonology and wordlist."Reports on Minority Languages in Mainland Southeast Asia, ed. by Ueda Hiromi, 1–42. Endangered Languages of the Pacific Rim. Osaka: Faculty of Informatics, Osaka Gakuin University.
  • Schliesinger, Joachim. 1998.Hill tribes of Vietnam. Vol. Vol. 2. 2 vols. Bangkok: White Lotus Co. Ltd.
  • Tạ, Quang Tùng. 2023.Ngữ âm tiếng Kháng và phương án chữ viết cho người Kháng ở Việt Nam. Thái Nguyên: Nhà xuất bản đại học Thái Nguyên.
  • Thông Tấn Xã Việt Nam [Vietnam News Agency]. 2006.Việt Nam Hình Ảnh Cộng Dồng 54 Dân Tộc [Vietnam Image of the Community of 54 Ethnic Groups]. Hanoi: The Vna Publishing House.

External links

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  • Italics and followed by (Extinct) indicateextinct languages
  • Languages between parentheses and preceded by @ arevarieties of the language on their left.
Bahnaric
North
West
Central
South
Others
Katuic
West
Katu
Others
Vietic
Viet-Muong
Chut
Kri
Phong–Liha
Others
Khmuic
Phay-Pram
Others
Pearic
Western
(Chong)
Central
Southern
Others
Khasi–
Palaungic
Khasic
Khasi-Pnar-Lyngngam
Others
Palaungic
West
East
Angkuic
Waic
Bit-Khang
Lamet
Others
Munda
North
Kherwarian
Mundaric
Santalic
South
Sora-Gorum
Gutob-Remo
Others
Nicobarese
Chaura-Teresa
Central
Southern
Aslian
Jahaic (Northern)
Senoic (Central)
Semelaic (Southern)
Others
Others
Proto-
languages


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