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ER (TV series)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected fromKevin Moretti)
American medical drama television series (1994–2009)
Not to be confused withthe sitcomE/R.

ER
GenreMedical drama
Created byMichael Crichton
Starring
Theme music composer
ComposerMartin Davich
Country of originUnited States
Original languageEnglish
No. of seasons15
No. of episodes331(list of episodes)
Production
Executive producers
Camera setupSingle-camera
Running time45 minutes
Production companies
Original release
NetworkNBC
ReleaseSeptember 19, 1994 (1994-9-19) –
April 2, 2009 (2009-4-2)
Related
Third Watch

ER is an Americanmedical drama television series created byMichael Crichton that aired onNBC from September 19, 1994, to April 2, 2009, with a total of 331 episodes spanning 15 seasons. It was produced byConstant c Productions andAmblin Television, in association withWarner Bros. Television.ER follows the inner life of theemergency room (ER) ofCook County General Hospital, a fictionalized version of the realCook County Hospital, inChicago, and the various critical professional, ethical, and personal issues faced by the department's physicians, nurses, and staff.

The show is the second longest-runningprimetime medical drama inAmerican television history behindGrey's Anatomy. The highest-awarded medical drama,ER won128 industry awards from 442 nominations, including thePeabody Award in 1995,TCA Award for Program of the Year in 1995, andPrimetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series in 1996.[1] As of 2014,ER had grossed over$3 billion in television revenue.[2] It is considered one of the best medical dramas of all time, pioneering the field of medical fiction and setting a model for other contemporary medical dramas to follow.[3]

Production

[edit]
Michael Crichton wearing a suit.
Michael Crichton in 2002

In 1974, authorMichael Crichton wrote a screenplay then titled "EW" (forEmergency Ward) based on his own experiences as amedical student in a busy hospitalemergency room.[4] Producers were not interested in the screenplay, and Crichton turned to other topics. In 1990, he published the novelJurassic Park, and in 1993 began a collaboration with directorSteven Spielberg on thefilm adaptation of the book.[5]

After its release, Crichton and Spielberg then turned to what was now known asER, but Spielberg decided to film the story as a two-hour pilot for a television series rather than as a feature film after considering the potential for various stories to be told in the setting.[6] He passed the script on to a team at his production company,Amblin Entertainment.Anthony Thomopoulos, then head of Amblin's television division, got in touch with then CEO ofWarner Bros. Television,Les Moonves, about the idea for the series and to send the script. Spielberg'sAmblin Television providedJohn Wells as the show's executive producer.

Warner Bros. Television pitchedER toNBC, alongside Crichton, Spielberg and Wells.Warren Littlefield, head ofNBC Entertainment at the time, liked the project, but there was much debate and controversy among other executives at NBC, who were dubious about the nature of the series. NBC offered a chance to make a two-hourmade-for-TV movie from the script, which was rejected. They then tried to get the show greenlit at rival networks before returning to NBC, who this time around ordered apilot.

The script used to shoot the pilot was virtually unchanged from what Crichton had written in 1974. The only substantive changes made by the producers in 1994 were that a male character was changed to a female character (Susan Lewis) and thePeter Benton character's race was changed to African-American. The running time was shortened by about 20 minutes in order for the pilot to air in a two-hour block on network TV.[citation needed] Because of a lack of time and money necessary to build a set, the pilot episode ofER was filmed in the formerLinda Vista Hospital inLos Angeles, an old facility that had ceased operating in 1990.[7][8] A set modeled afterLos Angeles County General Hospital's emergency room was built soon afterward at theWarner Bros. Studios inBurbank, California, although the show makes extensive use of location shoots inChicago, most notably the city's famous"L" train platforms.[9]

Littlefield was impressed by the series: "We were intrigued, but we were admittedly a bit spooked in attempting to go back into that territory a few years afterSt. Elsewhere."[10] With Spielberg attached behind the scenes, NBC ordered six episodes. "ER premiered opposite aMonday Night Football game onABC and did surprisingly well. Then we moved it to Thursday and it just took off," commented Littlefield.[10]ER's success surprised the networks and critics alike, asDavid E. Kelley's new medical dramaChicago Hope was expected to crush the new series, airing directly oppositeER in the Thursday 10:00 pm time slot over onCBS.[11]

Crichton was credited as an executive producer until his death in November 2008, although he was still credited as one throughout that entire final season. Wells, the series' other initial executive producer, served asshowrunner for the first four seasons. He was the show's most prolific writer and became a regular director in later years.Lydia Woodward was a part of the first season production team and became an executive producer for the third season. She took over as showrunner for the fifth season while Wells focused on the development of other series, includingTrinity,Third Watch, andThe West Wing. John Wells continued to serve as the primary Executive Producer for the remainder of the series.[12] Lydia Woodward left her executive producer position at the end of the sixth season but continued to write episodes throughout the series run.

Joe Sachs, who was a writer and producer of the series, believed keeping a commitment to medical accuracy was extremely important: "We'd bend the rules but never break them. A medication that would take 10 minutes to work might take 30 seconds instead. We compressed time. A 12- to 24-hour shift gets pushed into 48 minutes. But we learned that being accurate was important for more reasons than just making real and responsible drama."[10]

Woodward was replaced as showrunner byJack Orman. Orman was recruited as a writer-producer for the series in its fourth season after a successful stint working on CBS'sJAG. He was quickly promoted and became an executive producer and showrunner for the series' seventh season. He held these roles for three seasons before leaving the series at the end of the ninth season. Orman was also a frequent writer and directed three episodes of the show.

David Zabel served as the series' head writer and executive producer in its later seasons. He initially joined the crew for the eighth season and became an executive producer and showrunner for the twelfth season onward. Zabel was the series' most frequent writer, contributing to 41 episodes. He also made his directing debut on the series.Christopher Chulack was the series' most frequent director and worked as a producer on all 15 seasons. He became an executive producer in the fourth season but occasionally scaled back his involvement in later years to focus on other projects.

Other executive producers include writersCarol Flint,Neal Baer,R. Scott Gemmill, Joe Sachs,Dee Johnson,Lisa Zwerling, andJanine Sherman Barrois. Several of these writers and producers had background in healthcare: Joe Sachs was anemergency physician, while Lisa Zwerling and Neal Baer were bothpediatricians. The series' crew was recognized with awards for writing, directing, producing, film editing, sound editing, casting, and music.

Broadcast

[edit]

Following the broadcast of its two-hourpilot on September 19, 1994,ER premiered Thursday, September 22 at 10pm. It remained in the same Thursday time slot for its entire run, capping theMust See TV primetime block.[13]ER is NBC's third longest-running drama, afterLaw & Order: Special Victims Unit andLaw & Order,[14] and the second longest-running American primetime medical drama of all time, behind ABC'sGrey's Anatomy.[15] Starting with season seven,ER was broadcast in the1080i HD format, appearing inletterbox format when presented in standard definition.[16] On April 2, 2008, NBC announced that the series would return for its fifteenth season.[17] The fifteenth season was originally scheduled to run for 19 episodes before retiring with a two-hour series finale to be broadcast on March 12, 2009,[18][19] but NBC announced in January 2009 that it would extend the show by an additional three episodes to a full 22-episode order as part of a deal to launch a new series by John Wells titledPolice, later retitledSouthland.[20]ER'sfinal episode aired on April 2, 2009; the two-hour episode was preceded by a one-hour retrospective special.[21] The series finale charged $425,000 per 30-second ad spot, more than three times the season's rate of $135,000.[10] From season 4 to season 6ER cost a record-breaking $13 million per episode.[22]TNT also paid a record price of $1 million an episode for four years of repeats of the series during that time.[23] The cost of the first three seasons was $2 million per episode and seasons 7 to 9 cost $8 million per episode.[22][24]

Cast and characters

[edit]
Main article:Cast of ER
Original cast of the show (1994–1995)
Final season cast (2008–2009)

The original starring cast consisted ofAnthony Edwards as Dr.Mark Greene,George Clooney as Dr.Doug Ross,Sherry Stringfield as Dr.Susan Lewis,Noah Wyle as medical studentJohn Carter, andEriq La Salle as Dr.Peter Benton.[10] As the series continued, some key changes were made: NurseCarol Hathaway, played byJulianna Margulies, who attempts suicide in the original pilot script, was made into a regular cast member.Ming-Na debuted in the middle of the first season as medical studentJing-Mei "Deb" Chen, but did not return for the second season; she returns in season 6 episode 10.Gloria Reuben andLaura Innes would join the series as Physician AssistantJeanie Boulet and Dr.Kerry Weaver, respectively, by the second season.[25]

In the third season, a series of cast additions and departures began that would see the entire original cast leave over time. Stringfield was the first to exit the series, reportedly upsetting producers who believed she wanted to negotiate for more money, but the actress did not particularly care for "fame."[26] She would return to the series from 2001 until 2005.[10] Clooney departed the series in 1999 to pursue a film career, and Margulies exited the following year.[10] Season eight saw the departure of La Salle and Edwards when Benton left County General and Greene died from a brain tumor.[10] Wyle left the series after season 11 in order to spend more time with his family, but would return for two multiple-episode appearances in the show's twelfth and final seasons.[27]Maria Bello as Dr.Anna Del Amico,Alex Kingston as Dr.Elizabeth Corday,Paul McCrane as Dr.Robert Romano,Kellie Martin as medical studentLucy Knight,Goran Višnjić as Dr.Luka Kovač,Michael Michele as Dr.Cleo Finch,Erik Palladino as Dr.Dave Malucci,Maura Tierney as NurseAbby Lockhart,Sharif Atkins as medical studentMichael Gallant andMekhi Phifer as Dr.Greg Pratt all joined the cast as the seasons went on.[25] In the much later seasons, the show would see the additions ofParminder Nagra as medical studentNeela Rasgotra,Scott Grimes as Dr.Archie Morris,Linda Cardellini as NurseSam Taggart,Shane West as Dr.Ray Barnett,John Stamos as ParamedicTony Gates,David Lyons as Dr.Simon Brenner, andAngela Bassett as Dr.Cate Banfield.[25]

In addition to the main cast,ER featured a large number of frequently seen recurring cast members who played key roles such as paramedics, hospital support staff, nurses, and doctors.ER also featured a sizable roster of well-known guest stars, some making rare television appearances, who typically played patients in single episode appearances or multi-episode arcs.

Episodes

[edit]
Main article:List of ER episodes
SeasonEpisodesOriginally releasedRankRatingViewers (millions)
First releasedLast released
125September 19, 1994 (1994-9-19)May 18, 1995 (1995-5-18)2[28]20.030.1
222September 21, 1995 (1995-9-21)May 16, 1996 (1996-5-16)1[29]22.035.7
322September 26, 1996 (1996-9-26)May 15, 1997 (1997-5-15)1[30]21.233.9
422September 25, 1997 (1997-9-25)May 14, 1998 (1998-5-14)2[31]20.433.3
522September 24, 1998 (1998-9-24)May 20, 1999 (1999-5-20)1[32]17.829.6
622September 30, 1999 (1999-9-30)May 18, 2000 (2000-5-18)4[33]16.929.8
722October 12, 2000 (2000-10-12)May 17, 2001 (2001-5-17)2[34]15.027.0
822September 27, 2001 (2001-9-27)May 16, 2002 (2002-5-16)3[35]14.226.1
922September 26, 2002 (2002-9-26)May 15, 2003 (2003-5-15)6[36]13.122.7
1022September 25, 2003 (2003-9-25)May 13, 2004 (2004-5-13)8[37]12.921.5
1122September 23, 2004 (2004-9-23)May 19, 2005 (2005-5-19)16[38]10.417.5
1222September 22, 2005 (2005-9-22)May 18, 2006 (2006-5-18)30[39]8.114.2
1323September 21, 2006 (2006-9-21)May 17, 2007 (2007-5-17)40[40]7.412.0
1419September 27, 2007 (2007-9-27)May 15, 2008 (2008-5-15)54[41]—8.7
1522September 25, 2008 (2008-9-25)April 2, 2009 (2009-4-2)37[42]6.79.0
ER set at theWarner Bros. Studios inBurbank, California

A typical episode centered on the ER, with most scenes set in the hospital or surrounding streets. In addition, most seasons included at least one storyline located completely outside of the ER, often outside ofChicago. Over the span of the series, stories took place in theCongo,Iraq,France, andSudan. One early storyline involved a road trip taken by Dr. Ross and Dr. Greene toCalifornia and a season eight episode included a storyline inHawaii featuring Dr. Greene and Dr. Corday. Beginning in season nine, storylines started to include the Congo, featuring Dr. Kovač, Dr. Carter, and Dr. Pratt.[43] "We turned some attention on the Congo and onDarfur when nobody else was. We had a bigger audience than a nightly newscast will ever see, making 25 to 30 million people aware of what was going on in Africa,"ER producerJohn Wells said. "The show is not about telling people to eat their vegetables, but if we can do that in an entertaining context, then there's nothing better." The series also focused on sociopolitical issues such asHIV andAIDS,organ transplants,mental illness,racism,human trafficking,euthanasia,poverty andgay rights.[44]

Some episodes used creative formats, such as the 1997 "Ambush," which was broadcast live twice, once for the east coast and again three hours later for the west coast,[10] and 2002's "Hindsight," which ran in reverse time as it followed one character, Dr. Kovač, through the events of a Christmas Eve shift and the Christmas party that preceded it.

Crossover withThird Watch

[edit]
See also:Third Watch § Crossovers

The episode "Brothers and Sisters" (first broadcast on April 25, 2002) begins a crossover that concludes on theThird Watch episode "Unleashed" in which Dr. Lewis enlists the help of Officers Maurice Boscorelli and Faith Yokas to find her sister and niece.

Ratings

[edit]

U.S. seasonal rankings based on average total viewers per episode ofER onNBC are tabulated below. Each U.S. network television season starts in late September and ends in late May, which coincides with the completion of Maysweeps. All times mentioned in this section were in the Eastern and Pacific time zones. Ratings for seasons 1–2 are listed in households (the percentage of households watching the program), while ratings for seasons 3–15 are listed in viewers.

SeasonEpisodesTimeslot (ET)Season premiereSeason finaleTV seasonViewer
rank (#)		Households/
Viewers
(in millions)
125Thursday 10:00 pmSeptember 19, 1994May 18, 19951994–1995#2[45]19.08[45]
222September 21, 1995May 16, 19961995–1996#1[46]21.10[46]
322September 26, 1996May 15, 19971996–1997#1[47]30.79[47]
422September 25, 1997May 14, 19981997–1998#2[48]30.2[48]
522September 24, 1998May 20, 19991998–1999#1[49]25.4[49]
622September 30, 1999May 18, 20001999–2000#4[50]24.95[50]
722October 12, 2000May 17, 20012000–2001#2[51]22.4[51]
822September 27, 2001May 16, 20022001–2002#3[52]22.1[52]
922September 26, 2002May 15, 20032002–2003#6[53]19.99[53]
1022September 25, 2003May 13, 20042003–2004#8[54]19.04[54]
1122September 23, 2004May 19, 20052004–2005#16[55]15.17[55]
1222September 22, 2005May 18, 20062005–2006#30[56]12.06[56]
1323September 21, 2006May 17, 20072006–2007#40[57]11.56[57]
1419September 27, 2007May 15, 20082007–2008#54[58]9.20[58]
1522September 25, 2008April 2, 20092008–2009#37[59]10.30[59]

In its first year,ER attracted an average of 19 million viewers per episode, becoming the year's second most watched television show, just behindSeinfeld. In the following two seasons (1995–1997),ER was the most watched show inNorth America. For almost five years,ER battled for the top spot againstSeinfeld, but in 1998,Seinfeld ended and thenER became number one again. Theseries finale attracted 16.4 million viewers.[60] The show's highest rating came during the episode "Hell and High Water" with 48 million viewers and a 45% market share. It was the highest for a regularly scheduled drama since a May 1985 installment ofDallas received a 46. The share represents the percentage of TVs in use tuned in to that show.[61]

Critical reception

[edit]

Throughout the seriesER received positive reviews from critics and fans alike.Marvin Kitman fromNewsday said: "It's likeM*A*S*H with just the helicopters showing up and no laughs.E.R. is all trauma; you never get to know enough about the patients or get involved with them. It's just treat, release and move on."[62]Richard Zoglin fromTIME stated that it's "probably the most realistic fictional treatment of the medical profession TV has ever presented."[63]

NBC launched the show at the same time thatCBS launched its own medical dramaChicago Hope; many critics drew comparisons between the two. Eric Mink, writing for theNew York Daily News, concluded thatER may rate more highly in theNielsens butChicago Hope told better stories,[64] whileAlan Rich, writing forVariety, felt both shows were "riveting, superior TV fare."[65]The Daily Telegraph wrote in 1996: "Not being able to follow what on earth is going on remains one of the peculiar charms of the breakneck American hospital drama,ER."[66]

In 2002,TV Guide rankedER No. 22 on their list of "TV's Top 50 Shows," making it the second highest ranked medical drama on the list (afterSt. Elsewhere at No. 20).[67] Also, the episode "Love's Labor Lost" was ranked No. 6 onTV Guide's 100 Greatest Episodes of All-Time list having earlier been ranked No. 3.[68] The show placed No. 19 onEntertainment Weekly's "New TV Classics" list.[69]Empire ranked it No. 29 in their list of the "50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time" and said the best episode was "Hell and High Water" where "Doug Ross (George Clooney) saves a young boy from drowning during a flood."[70] In 2012,ER was voted Best TV Drama onABC's20/20 special episode "Best in TV: The Greatest TV Shows of Our Time."[71] In 2013,TV Guide ranked it No. 9 in its list of The 60 Greatest Dramas of All Time[72] and No. 29 in its list of the 60 Best Series.[73] In the same year, theWriters Guild of America rankedER No. 28 in its list of the 101 Best Written TV Series of All Time.[74]

Awards and nominations

[edit]
Main article:List of awards and nominations received by ER

ER has won 128 industry awards from 442 nominations, including thePeabody Award in 1995,TCA Award for Program of the Year in 1995, andPrimetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series in 1996. It was also nominated for 124Primetime Emmy Awards (with 23 wins), 25Golden Globe Awards (with one win), 18Screen Actors Guild Awards (with eight wins), 12Directors Guild of America Awards (with four wins), 8TCA Awards (with two wins), 5Writers Guild of America Awards (with one win), and 3Producers Guild of America Awards (with two wins).

Distribution

[edit]

Home media

[edit]

Warner Home Video has released all 15 seasons in Region 1, Region 2, and Region 4.

In the United Kingdom (Region 2), The Complete Series boxset was released on October 26, 2009.[75] On September 12, 2016, the series was re-released in three box sets, Seasons 1–5,[76] Seasons 6–10,[77] and Seasons 11–15.[78]

DVD titleNo. of
episodes		Release dates
Region 1Region 2Region 4
ER: The Complete First Season (1994–1995)25August 26, 2003February 23, 2004April 28, 2004
ER: The Complete Second Season (1995–1996)22April 27, 2004July 26, 2004July 15, 2004
ER: The Complete Third Season (1996–1997)22April 26, 2005January 31, 2005December 16, 2004
ER: The Complete Fourth Season (1997–1998)22December 20, 2005May 16, 2005April 27, 2005
ER: The Complete Fifth Season (1998–1999)22July 11, 2006October 24, 2005November 15, 2005
ER: The Complete Sixth Season (1999–2000)22December 19, 2006April 3, 2006May 5, 2006
ER: The Complete Seventh Season (2000–2001)22May 15, 2007September 18, 2006October 3, 2006
ER: The Complete Eighth Season (2001–2002)22January 22, 2008July 16, 2007September 6, 2007
ER: The Complete Ninth Season (2002–2003)22June 17, 2008October 29, 2007October 31, 2007
ER: The Complete Tenth Season (2003–2004)22March 3, 2009January 28, 2008May 7, 2008
ER: The Complete Eleventh Season (2004–2005)22July 14, 2009April 21, 2008May 7, 2008
ER: The Complete Twelfth Season (2005–2006)22January 12, 2010September 15, 2008October 1, 2008
ER: The Complete Thirteenth Season (2006–2007)23July 6, 2010November 3, 2008April 29, 2009
ER: The Complete Fourteenth Season (2007–2008)19January 11, 2011May 18, 2009April 28, 2010
ER: The Final Season (2008–2009)22July 12, 2011September 21, 2009October 12, 2010

The DVD box sets ofER are unusual in the fact that they are all inanamorphic widescreen even though the first six seasons of the show were broadcast in a standard 4:3 format.ER was shotprotecting for widescreen presentation, allowing the show to be presented in 16:9open matte (leaving only the title sequence in the 4:3 format). However, as the production of the show was generally conceived with 4:3 presentation in mind, some episodes feature vignetting or unintended objects towards the sides of the frame that would not be visible when presented in the 4:3 format. These episodes also appear in the widescreen format when rerun onTNT HD,Pop and streaming services.

In 2018,Hulu struck a deal withWarner Bros. Domestic Television Distribution to stream all 15 seasons of the show.[79] The show arrived onMax in January 2022.[80]

Soundtrack

[edit]

In 1996,Atlantic Records released an album of music from the first two seasons, featuringJames Newton Howard's theme from the series in its on-air and full versions, selections from the weekly scores composed by Martin Davich (Howard scored the two-hour pilot, Davich scored all the subsequent episodes and wrote a new theme used from 2006–2009 until the final episode, when Howard's original theme returned) and songs used on the series.[81]

  1. Theme FromER – James Newton Howard (3:02)
  2. Dr. Lewis and Renee (from "The Birthday Party") (1:57)
  3. Canine Blues (from "Make of Two Hearts") (2:27)
  4. Goodbye Baby Susie (from "Fever of Unknown Origin") (3:11)
  5. Doug & Carol (from "The Gift") – composed by James Newton Howard and Martin Davich (1:59)
  6. Healing Hands – Marc Cohn (4:25)
  7. The Hero (from "Hell And High Water") composed by James Newton Howard and Martin Davich (1:55)
  8. Carter, See You Next Fall (from "Everything Old Is New Again") (1:28)
  9. Reasons For Living – Duncan Sheik (4:33)
  10. Dr. Green and a Mother's Death (from "Love's Labor Lost") (2:48)
  11. Raul Dies (from "The Healers") (2:20)
  12. Hell and High Water (from "Hell And High Water") – composed by James Newton Howard and Martin Davich (2:38)
  13. Hold On (from "Hell And High Water") (2:47)
  14. Shep Arrives (from "The Healers") (3:37)
  15. Shattered Glass (from "Hell And High Water") (2:11)
  16. Theme FromER – James Newton Howard (1:00)
  17. It Came Upon a Midnight Clear – Mike Finnegan (2:30)

Other media

[edit]

Foreign adaptations

[edit]

In March 2012,Warner Bros. International Television announced that they would sell the format rights toER to overseas territories. This allowed foreign countries to produce their own version of the series.[83]

In June 2013, Warner Bros. International Television andEmotion Production announced aSerbian version ofER.[84]Urgentni centar premiered on October 6, 2014, onTV Prva.[85] A total of 246 episodes of the show have been produced, spanning 4 seasons, with the series finale being shown on March 18, 2025.[86]

In January 2014, Warner Bros. International Television withRCN,Fox International Channels andTC announced aColombian version ofER.[87]

In March 2014, Warner Bros. International Television andStarLight Films announced aUkrainian version ofER.[citation needed]

In February 2015, Warner Bros. International Television andMedyapım announced aTurkish version ofER.[citation needed]

Reboot

[edit]

Original cast memberNoah Wyle revealed that in 2020 there were talks to revive the show. However, development of that series stalled due to issues with the estate of creatorMichael Crichton, and in early 2024, Wyle was announced as starring in a new medical drama fromWarner Bros. and originalER showrunnerJohn Wells,The Pitt.[88] That August, the Crichton estate brought a lawsuit against Warner Bros., Wells, and Wyle, alleging thatThe Pitt was in fact an unauthorized remake ofER which could not be produced without the estate's approval; Warner Bros. has denied the allegation, callingThe Pitt "a new and original show."[89]

See also

[edit]
  • Casualty – Similar concept but based on aBritish fictional hospital's accident and emergency department.

References

[edit]
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  2. ^Tait, R. Colin (November 26, 2014)."Marathon Viewing E.R.: Rewatching Television's Greatest Prime-Time Serial".Flow.
  3. ^Chaney, Jen (September 20, 2019)."As ER Turns 25, a Look at How Its Visual Style Changed the TV Game".Vulture.
  4. ^Jacobs, Jason (2003).Body Trauma TV: The New Hospital Dramas (Illustrated ed.).British Film Institute. p. 24.ISBN 0-85170-880-3.
  5. ^Richard, Zoglin; Smilgis, Martha (October 31, 1994)."Television: Angels with Dirty Faces".TIME. Archived fromthe original on November 4, 2012. RetrievedOctober 17, 2009.
  6. ^Keenleyside, Sam (1998).Bedside manners: George Clooney and ER (Illustrated ed.).ECW Press. p. 129.ISBN 1-55022-336-4.
  7. ^"Linda Vista Hospital".The Center for Land Use Interpretation. Archived fromthe original on April 18, 2005. RetrievedJune 28, 2009.
  8. ^Pirrello, Phil (September 19, 2024)."ER at 30: The Oral History of Making the Pilot".Emmys.
  9. ^Carter, Bill (2006).Desperate Networks (Illustrated ed.).Doubleday. p. 30.ISBN 0-385-51440-9.
  10. ^abcdefghiRichmond, Ray (April 1, 2009)."Saying goodbye to 'ER'".The Hollywood Reporter. Archived fromthe original on September 18, 2010. RetrievedSeptember 18, 2010.
  11. ^Rice, Lynette (April 2, 2019)."How ER beat a bad early prognosis to become one of TV's biggest hits".Entertainment Weekly.
  12. ^Siegel, Alan (November 26, 2014)."'ER' Was Prestige TV Before the Term Even Existed".The Ringer.
  13. ^Adalian, Josef (September 18, 2019)."The Architects of NBC's Classic Must-See Lineup Reveal How Friends and ER Became Legends".Vulture.
  14. ^Goldberg, Lesley (February 22, 2019)."'TV's Top 5' Podcast: Oscars Preview, Marvel Cancellations Decoded".The Hollywood Reporter. RetrievedFebruary 25, 2019.
  15. ^Keveney, Bill (March 31, 2005)."After 11 years, Dr. Carter takes leave fromER".ER Headquarters. Archived fromthe original on July 9, 2009. RetrievedJune 28, 2009.
  16. ^Gardner, Eriq (February 6, 2002)."Why The Sopranos and ER put those black bands across your screen".Slate.
  17. ^"NBC PICKS UP CLASSIC, EMMY AWARD-WINNING 'ER' FOR 15TH AND FINAL SEASON".NBC Universal Media Village. April 2, 2008. RetrievedJune 28, 2009.[dead link‍]
  18. ^Levin, Gary (April 8, 2008)."NBC veteran 'ER' will end its run next year".USA Today. RetrievedJune 28, 2009.
  19. ^The Futon Critic Staff (December 3, 2008)."NBC Fallout: "Knight" Cut, "Er" Extended".The Futon Critic. RetrievedJune 28, 2009.
  20. ^Schneider, Michael (January 8, 2009)."Wells' 'Police' close to series order, Final season of 'ER' to be extended".Variety. RetrievedJune 28, 2009.
  21. ^"ER: Clooney and Margulies Return to Closed Set for a Final Episode".TV Series Finale. January 22, 2009. Archived fromthe original on January 30, 2009. RetrievedJune 28, 2009.
  22. ^ab"Archived copy"(PDF).Archived(PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016. RetrievedFebruary 28, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  23. ^Carter, Bill (November 16, 1998)."What Price 'E.R.' Syndication?".The New York Times. RetrievedMarch 1, 2013.
  24. ^Fleming, Michael (June 25, 2001)."Dish: 'ER' doc cuts big deal".Variety.Archived from the original on April 12, 2013. RetrievedMarch 1, 2013.
  25. ^abc"Memories of 'ER'".Military.com. March 30, 2009. RetrievedJune 13, 2010.
  26. ^Kennedy, Dana (October 17, 1997)."Sherry Stringfield, the Goodbye Girl".Entertainment Weekly. RetrievedDecember 6, 2011.
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