 Size comparison of Kepler-78b with Earth | |
| Discovery[1] | |
|---|---|
| Discovery date | November 5, 2013 |
| Transit andreflection/emission modulations (Kepler Mission) | |
| Designations | |
| KIC 8435766 b | |
| Orbital characteristics[2] | |
| 0.00901+0.00012 −0.00019 AU | |
| Eccentricity | 0 |
| 0.35500745(8) days (8.5 hours) | |
| Inclination | 75.2°+2.6° −2.1° |
| Star | Kepler-78 |
| Physical characteristics[2] | |
| 1.228+0.018 −0.019 R🜨[3] | |
| Mass | 1.68±0.27 M🜨 |
Meandensity | 5.33+0.97 −0.33 g/cm3 |
| logg =3.058+0.069 −0.080 cgs (1.16g) | |
| Temperature | 2223±32 K (1,950 °C, 3,542 °F) |
Kepler-78b (formerly known asKIC 8435766 b) is anexoplanet orbiting around the starKepler-78. At the time of its discovery, it was the exoplanet most similar to Earth in terms ofmass,radius, and meandensity.
Kepler-78b is the only planet to be found orbiting the star KIC 8435766, now known asKepler-78.[4][5][6] The planet was discovered in 2013 by analyzing data from theKepler space telescope. The planet was detected as it passed across the surface of its host star, as viewed from Earth. It was also found by the effects of occultation as it passed behind the star. Reflected light from the parent star due to orbital phases was also detected. It was not at first designated as a Kepler object of interest, as data analysis failed to identify it due to its short orbital period.[4]
At the time of its discovery, Kepler-78b was the exoplanet most similar to Earth in terms ofmass,radius, and meandensity.[7] The planet is approximately 1.69 times the mass and 1.12 times the radius of Earth.[8] The acceleration due to gravity on the planet's surface is about 11 m/s2 (25 mph/s), slightly greater than Earth'ssurface gravity.[8] Two independent teams were involved in pioneering work to estimate the planet's mass. Their estimates were made possible because Kepler-78b's gravity causes a "wobble" in the orbit of the host star. While the method has been used to characterizegas giants, it is difficult to estimate the mass of Earth-sized exoplanets, because their gravity is too weak to produce a visible influence. In this case, the planet's orbit is close enough to its star to produce a detectable effect.[9]
One team, led by Francesco Pepe, used the High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher-North (HARPS-N) spectrograph at theTelescopio Nazionale Galileo in theCanary Islands[10] to estimate that the planet has a mass 1.86 times that of the Earth and a radius 1.16 times greater. The other, led by Andrew Howard of theUniversity of Hawaii at Manoa, used data from the High Resolution Eschelle Spectrometer at theW.M. Keck Observatory inHawaii to estimate the mass as 1.69 times that of the Earth and the radius as 1.12 times larger. Both estimates put the planet's density at about 5.5grams percubic centimeter (0.20pounds per cubic inch), equivalent to Earth's density. This measurement is possibly indicative of a rock-iron composition like Earth's.[9][11] The iron core could build up to 40% of the planet mass.[7]
Kepler-78b is most similar to larger high-density, hot exoplanets likeKepler-10b,Kepler-36b andCoRoT-7b.[7]
Kepler-78b orbits around its parent star once every 8.5 hours. It reflects 20% to 60% of the starlight it receives.[12] Due to its extremely close solar orbit, which is about 40 times closer thanMercury is to the Sun, the planet's surface is estimated to be at a temperature of 2,200 K (1,930 °C; 3,500 °F).[2] This temperature is high enough to have stripped the planet of any stableatmosphere, but the liquid and solid portions of the planet should be stable.[8] According to Francesco Pepe, the planet may be Earth-sized, but "it can be imagined like alava planet rather than an Earth-like planet".[9]
According toHarvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics astronomer Dimitar Sasselov, "this lava world is an abomination. There's no physical way a small world, only 12 percent larger than Earth, could have evolved in that location and there's no known mechanism that could have transported it there. But one thing that is certain, it can't stay roasting in that hellish orbit for long; it's destined to get swallowed by its star very soon".[13] It is estimated that the planet will be swallowed by its parent star in about three billion years.[14][15]
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