Kenneth Neal Waltz | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | (1924-06-08)June 8, 1924 Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S. |
| Died | May 12, 2013(2013-05-12) (aged 88) New York City, New York, U.S. |
| Education | |
| Alma mater | |
| Thesis |
|
| Academic advisor | William T. R. Fox |
| Philosophical work | |
| Era | Contemporary philosophy |
| Region | Western Philosophy |
| School | Neorealism |
| Institutions | University of California, Berkeley Columbia University |
| Main interests | International security,nuclear security,anarchy |
| Notable ideas | Structural realism,defensive realism |
| Military career | |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Branch | United States Army |
| Years of service | 1944 – 1946 |
| Rank | First lieutenant |
| Battles / wars | World War II Occupation of Japan |
Kenneth Neal Waltz (/wɔːlts/; June 8, 1924 – May 12, 2013[1]) was an Americanpolitical scientist who was a member of the faculty at both theUniversity of California, Berkeley, andColumbia University and one of the most prominent scholars in the field ofinternational relations.[2] He was a veteran of bothWorld War II and theKorean War.[3]
Waltz was one of the original founders ofneorealism, or structural realism, ininternational relations theory and later became associated with the school ofdefensive neorealism. Waltz's theories have been extensively debated within the field of international relations.[4] His 1979 bookTheory of International Politics is the most assigned book in International Relations graduate training at U.S. universities.[5]
Waltz was born on June 8, 1924, inAnn Arbor, Michigan,[1] where he grew up and attended high school. He then enrolled atOberlin College in Ohio, where he initially majored in mathematics.[6] His college studies were interrupted by service in theUnited States Army from 1944 to 1946 duringWorld War II.[7] Waltz served in thePacific theater of the war, rising in rank from private to 1st lieutenant, and was stationed in Japan during theU.S. occupation.[8]
He graduated from Oberlin with anA.B. degree in 1948,[7] having switched his major to economics.[6] He was aPhi Beta Kappa[7] and also named an Amos Miller Scholar.
In 1949, he married Helen Elizabeth Lindsley,[7] known as "Huddie". They had three children together.[7] After attendingColumbia University to obtain an upper graduate degree in economics, he switched to political science becausepolitical philosophy was more interesting to him.[6] He received hisM.A. degree from there in 1950.[7] He was an instructor at Oberlin for a while in 1950. A member of theUS Army Reserve, he was called upon to serve again during theKorean War,[1] which he did during 1951–52[7] as a first lieutenant.[8]
Returning to Columbia, he obtained hisPh.D. underWilliam T. R. Fox in 1954.[7] During his PhD studies, Waltz was most interested in political theory, but gravitated towards international relations due to the academic job market and the pressure of his dissertation advisor.[8] While preparing for his comprehensive exams, Waltz came up with the ideas that would ultimately become his dissertation and his 1959 bookMan, the State and War.[8][1]
Waltz became a lecturer and then assistant professor at Columbia from 1953 to 1957.[7] He became one of the early group of scholars at Columbia'sInstitute of War and Peace Studies and acted as aresearch assistant from 1952 to 1954 and aresearch associate from 1954. Later saying that he and his wife had been unsettled by the prospect of raising small children in New York City,[4] Waltz left Columbia forSwarthmore College, where he was an assistant professor and then a professor from 1957 to 1966.[7] He then moved on toBrandeis University for a stint from 1966 to 1971, the last four years of which he held theAdlai E. Stevenson Professor of International Politics chair.[7]
In 1971, Waltz joinedUniversity of California, Berkeley, where he was appointed the Ford Professor of Political Science.[7] Meanwhile, Waltz held a number of additional research positions. He was affiliated with the Institute of War and Peace Studies until 1964. He was a fellow of Columbia University in Political Theory and International Relations from 1959 to 1960 in London. He was a research associate atCenter for International Affairs atHarvard University in 1963 to 1964, 1968, 1969, and 1972. He held aNational Science Foundation grant from 1968 to 1971[7] to develop a theory of international politics. He was aGuggenheim Fellow for 1976 to 1977[7] and a fellow at the Institute for the Study of World Politics in 1977. He was a fellow at theWoodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in 1979–1980.[7] He then became a research associate with theDepartment of War Studies, King's College London.[3] Waltz taught atPeking University for two months in 1982,[7] and he later taught atFudan University as well.[3] He lectured at a number of institutions in the US, including theAir Force Academy,[3] theNational War College, theArmy War College, and theNaval War College. Similarly, he lectured at many other institutions around the world, including theLondon School of Economics, theAustralian National University, and theUniversity of Bologna.[3] Waltz served as an instructor atMIT Seminar XXI.[9]
Waltz retired from his position at Berkeley and returned to Columbia University in 1997.[3][4] There, he became anadjunct professor as well as a senior research scholar at the Institute of War and Peace Studies.[3]
Waltz served as Secretary of theAmerican Political Science Association in 1966 to 1967[7] and then as its president in 1987 to 1988.[1] He was President of the New England Section of theInternational Studies Association in 1966 to 1967.[7] He was a Fellow of theAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciences[7] and served stints on the boards of editors of several scholarly journals[which?]. He has describedHans Morgenthau as a strong influence on his work.[10]
Waltz's initial contribution to the field of international relations was his influential 1959 book,Man, the State, and War.[1][11] It classified theories of the causes of war into three categories, or levels of analysis.[4][12] He referred to those levels of analysis as "images" and used the writings of one or more classic political philosophers to outline the major points of each image. Each image was given two chapters: the first used the classical philosopher's writings mainly to describe what that image says about the cause of war, and the second usually had Waltz analyze the strengths and weaknesses of that image. Waltz's wife was essential in contributing the research that became the basis for the book.[13]
The first image argued that wars are often caused by the nature of particular statesmen and political leaders such as state leaders, likeNapoleon, or by human nature more generally. That is basically consistent withclassical realism, which then dominated the international relations discipline, but Waltz would contest it more fully in his next book,Theory of International Politics.
Theories of war that fall under the rubric of Waltz's second image contended that wars are caused by the domestic makeup of states. A prime example that Waltz referred to isLenin's theory ofimperialism, which posits that the main cause of war is rooted in the need for capitalist states to continue opening up new markets in order to perpetuate their economic system at home. Today, a more familiar example in the Western world is the notion that nondemocratic states, because of their internal composition, start wars.[citation needed]
Waltz next assessed the first two images as being less influential in general than the third image but as ultimately necessary in understanding the causes of war. The third image posits that the cause of war is found at the systemic level and the anarchic structure of the international system is the root cause of war. In that context, "anarchy" was defined not as a condition of chaos or disorder but one in which no sovereign body governs the interactions between autonomous nation-states. In other words, in domestic society, citizens can theoretically rely on law enforcement agencies to protect their persons and property, but if a state is invaded and calls "9-1-1," it cannot be sure that anyone will answer.
Similarly, when two citizens have a dispute, they can appeal to the courts to render a verdict and, more importantly, the law enforcement agencies to enforce the court's ruling. However, there is no body above nation-states that can establish rules or laws for all the states, decide how they apply in specific cases, and compel the states to honor the court's ruling. As a result, if an issue at stake is important enough to a state, it can achieve a satisfactory outcome only by using its power to impose its will on another state(s). The realization that any state can resort to armed force anytime forces each state to be always prepared for that contingency.
Those themes were fleshed out more fully inTheory of International Politics, which, as the title suggests, explained a theory for international politics as a whole, rather than the narrower focus on what causes war.[citation needed]
Waltz's key contribution to the realm of political science is in the creation of neorealism (orstructural realism, as he calls it), a theory of international relations that posits that the interaction ofsovereign states can be explained by the pressures exerted on them by the anarchic structure of the international system, which limits and constrains their choices. Neorealism thus aims to explain recurring patterns in international relations, such as whyrelations between Sparta and Athens resembled those between the United States and theSoviet Union in some important ways.[citation needed]
Waltz emphasizes repeatedly in the book and elsewhere that he is not creating a theory offoreign policy, which aims to explain the behavior or actions of a particular state at a specific time or throughout a period. For Waltz, neorealism is divided into two branches: defensive and offensive neorealism. Although both branches agree that the structure of the system is what causes states to compete for power,defensive realism posits that most states seek a status quo and limit themselves to concentrate on maintaining the balance of power. Revisionist states are said to be the only states that seek to alter the balance.Offensive neorealism, in contrast to Waltz, asserts that nations seek local hegemony over neighboring states to assert authority in local relations with rival states.
Waltz argues that contemporary geopolitics exists in a state of international affairs comparable to that of perpetual internationalanarchy. He distinguishes the anarchy of the international environment from the order of the domestic one. In the domestic realm, all actors may appeal to and be compelled by a central authority, "the state" or "the government," but in the international realm, no such source of order exists. The anarchy of international politics, with its lack of a central enforcer, means that states must act in a way that ensures their security above all, or they otherwise risk falling behind. He wrote that thisinternational anarchy is a fundamental fact of political life faced by democracies and dictatorships alike. Except in rare cases, they cannot count on the good will of others to help them and so they must always be ready to fend for themselves. Waltz's usage of the term "anarchy" led to a fundamental discursive transformation in international relations, as scholars wrestled with Waltz's ideas. A 2015 study by Jack Donnelly found that the term "anarchy" occurred on average 6.9 times in international relations books prior to 1979 but 35.5 times in those afterward.[14]
Like most other neorealists, Waltz accepted thatglobalization poses new challenges to states, but he did not believe that states are being replaced because no other non-state actor can equal the capabilities of the state. Waltz suggested that globalization is a fad of the 1990s, and if anything, the role of the state has expanded its functions in response to global transformations.[15]
Neorealism was Waltz's response to what he saw as the deficiencies of classical realism. Although both terms are sometimes used interchangeably, neorealism and realism have a number of fundamental differences. The main distinction between the two theories is that classical realism puts human nature, or the urge to dominate, at the center of its explanation for war, but neorealism stakes a reduced claim on human nature and argues instead that the pressures of anarchy tend to shape outcomes more directly than the human nature of statesmen and diplomats or domestic governmental preferences.[16][citation needed]
Waltz's theory, as he explicitly states inTheory of International Politics, is not a theory of foreign policy and does not attempt to predict specific state actions, such as the collapse of the Soviet Union.[17] The theory explains only general principles of behavior that govern relations between states in an anarchic international system, rather than specific actions. The recurring principles of behavior includebalancing of power (the theory was refined byStephen Walt, who modified the "balance of power" concept to "balance of threat"), entering individually-competitive arms races, and exercising restraint in proportion to relative power. InTheory of International Politics (1979:6) Waltz suggested that explanation, rather than prediction, is expected from a good social science theory since social scientists cannot run the controlled experiments that give the natural sciences so much predictive power.
As a teacher, Waltz trained numerous prominent international relations scholars, includingStephen Walt,Barry Posen,Stephen Van Evera, Bob Powell,Avery Goldstein,Christopher Layne, Benny Miller, Karen Adams,Shibley Telhami,James Fearon, William Rose,Robert Gallucci, and Andrew Hanami.[18] He influenced Robert Jervis and Robert Art.[19][20]
Columbia University colleagueRobert Jervis has said of Waltz, "Almost everything he has written challenges the consensus that prevailed at the time"[4] and "Even when you disagree, he moves your thinking ahead."[1]Leslie H. Gelb has considered Waltz one of the "giants" who helped define the field of international relations as an academic discipline.[1]
Paul R Viotti,Kenneth Waltz: An Intellectual Biography. New York: Columbia University Press, 2024.
Waltz received the Heinz Eulau Award in 1991 for Best Article in theAmerican Political Science Review during 1990 for "Nuclear Myths and Political Realities".[21]He received the James Madison Award for "distinguished scholarly contributions to political science" from theAmerican Political Science Association in 1999.[4]TheInternational Studies Association in 2010 named him their International Security Studies Section Distinguished Scholar.[3]
In 2008, a conference in Waltz's honor was conducted byAberystwyth University, titled "The King of Thought: Theory, the Subject and Waltz".[1] It celebrated the 50th anniversary of the publication ofMan, the State, and War and the 30th anniversary ofTheory of International Politics.[3]
Waltz received honorary doctorates fromCopenhagen University,Oberlin College,Nankai University, andAberystwyth University,[3] as well as from theUniversity of Macedonia (Greece).
The Kenneth N. Waltz Dissertation Award is a yearly award given by theAmerican Political Science Association to the best defended dissertation on the study of international security and arms control. Students from around the country are allowed to submit their paper to the committee, which has four members. The committee accepts any style, whether its historical, quantitative, theoretical, policy analysis, etc.[22]
Classical realists[edit] | Neorealists[edit] | Neoclassical realists[edit] | Issues and theory[edit]
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