Sir Kenelm Digby (11 July 1603 – 11 June 1665) was an Englishcourtier and diplomat. He was also a highly reputednatural philosopher, astrologer and known as a leadingRoman Catholic intellectual andBlackloist. For his versatility, he is described inJohn Pointer'sOxoniensis Academia (1749) as the "Magazine of all Arts and Sciences, or (as one stiles him) the Ornament of this Nation".[1]
Digby was born atGayhurst,Buckinghamshire, England. He was oflanded gentry stock, but his family'sRoman Catholicism impeded his career. His father,Sir Everard, was executed in 1606 for his part in theGunpowder Plot. Kenelm was sufficiently in favour withJames I to be proposed as a member ofEdmund Bolton's projected Royal Academy (withGeorge Chapman,Michael Drayton,Ben Jonson,John Selden and SirHenry Wotton). His mother was Mary, daughter ofWilliam Mushlo. His uncle,John Digby, was the first Earl of Bristol.[dubious –discuss][2][3]
He went toGloucester Hall, Oxford, in 1618, where he was taught byThomas Allen, but left without taking a degree.[4] In time Allen bequeathed to Digby his library, and the latter donated it to theBodleian.[5][6]
He spent three years onthe Continent between 1620 and 1623, whereMarie de Medici fell madly in love with him (as he later recounted). In 1623, in Madrid, Digby was appointed to the household of Prince Charles, who had just arrived there. Returning to England the same year, he wasknighted by James I and appointed gentleman of the privy chamber to Charles. He was granted aCambridge Master of Arts on the King's visit to the university in 1624.[7]
Around 1625, he marriedVenetia Stanley, whose wooing he cryptically described in his memoirs. He had also become a member of thePrivy Council ofCharles I of England. As his Roman Catholicism hindered appointment to government office, he converted toAnglicanism.
Digby became aprivateer in 1627.[4] Sailing his flagship, theEagle (later renamedArabella),[8] he arrived offGibraltar on 18 January and captured several Spanish and Flemish vessels.[4] From 15 February to 27 March he remained at anchor offAlgiers due to illness of his men, and extracted a promise from authorities of better treatment of the English ships:[4] he persuaded the city governors to free 50 English slaves.[9] He seized a Dutch vessel nearMallorca, and after other adventures gained a victory over the French and Venetian ships in the harbour ofIskanderun on 11 June.[4] His successes, however, brought upon the English merchants the risk of reprisals, and he was urged to depart. He returned to become a naval administrator[4] and later Governor ofTrinity House.
His wife Venetia, a noted beauty, died suddenly in 1633, prompting a famous deathbed portrait byVan Dyck and a eulogy byBen Jonson. (Digby was later Jonson'sliterary executor. Jonson's poem about Venetia is now partially lost, because of the loss of the centre sheet of a leaf of papers which held the only copy.) Digby, stricken with grief and the object of enough suspicion for the Crown to order anautopsy (rare at the time) on Venetia's body, secluded himself inGresham College and attempted to forget his personal woes through scientific experimentation and a return to Catholicism. At Gresham College he held an unofficial post, receiving no payment from the college. Digby, alongside Hungarian chemistJohannes Banfi Hunyades, constructed a laboratory under the lodgings ofGresham Professor of Divinity where the two conductedbotanical experiments.[10]
At that period, public servants were often rewarded with patents of monopoly; Digby received the regional monopoly ofsealing wax in Wales and theWelsh Borders. This was a guaranteed income; more speculative were the monopolies of trade with theGulf of Guinea and withCanada. These were doubtless more difficult to police.
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Digby married Venetia Stanley in 1625.[3]They had six sons:
In addition, there was a daughter, Margery. Born c. 1625, who married Edward Dudley of Clopton and had at least one child. She is never mentioned by Digby in his writings. She may have been the daughter ofEdward Sackville, 4th Earl of Dorset and Venetia Stanley prior to her marriage to Sir Kenelm. The Earl of Dorset settled an annuity on her.[3] There is some controversy and confusion about whether or not Venetia had affairs with both the third and fourth Earls of Dorset and, consequently, which Earl was the father of Margery.[11]
Digby became a Catholic once more in 1635. He went into voluntary exile in Paris, where he spent most of his time until 1660. There he met bothMarin Mersenne andThomas Hobbes.[12]
Returning to supportCharles I in his struggle to establishepiscopacy in Scotland (theBishops' Wars), he found himself increasingly unpopular with the growingPuritan party. In the time between 1639 and 1640, he supportedCharles I's expedition against the Presbyterian Scots.[13] He left England for France again in 1641. Following an incident in which he killed a French nobleman, Mont le Ros, in a duel,[14] he returned to England viaFlanders in 1642, and was jailed by theHouse of Commons. He was eventually released at the intervention ofAnne of Austria, and went back again to France. He remained there during the remainder of the period of theEnglish Civil War.Parliament declared his property in England forfeit.
QueenHenrietta Maria had fled England in 1644, and he became her Chancellor. He was then engaged in unsuccessful attempts to solicit support for the English monarchy fromPope Innocent X.[13] His son, also called Kenelm, was killed at theBattle of St Neots, 1648. Following the establishment ofthe Protectorate underOliver Cromwell, who believed in freedom of conscience,[15] Digby was received by the government as a sort of unofficial representative of English Roman Catholics, and was sent in 1655 on a mission to thePapacy to try to reach an understanding.[citation needed] This again proved unsuccessful.
At theRestoration, Digby found himself in favour with the new regime due to his ties with Henrietta Maria, the Queen Mother. However, he was often in trouble withCharles II, and was once even banished from Court. Nonetheless, he was generally highly regarded until his death, a month before his 62nd birthday, from "the stone", likely caused bykidney stones.[16] He was buried in his wife's tomb (which was damaged in thegreat fire of 1666), inChrist Church, Newgate Street, London.
Digby published a work ofapologetics in 1638,A Conference with a Lady about choice of a Religion.[4] In it he argued that the Catholic Church, possessing alone the qualifications of universality, unity of doctrine and uninterruptedapostolic succession, is the only true church, and that the intrusion of error into it is impossible.[4]
Digby was regarded as an eccentric by contemporaries, partly because of his effusive personality, and partly because of his interests in scientific matters.Henry Stubbe called him "the very Pliny of our age for lying".[4] He lived in a time when scientific enquiry had not settled down in any disciplined way. He spent enormous time and effort in the pursuits ofastrology, andalchemy which he studied in the 1630s with Van Dyck.[17][18][19]
Notable among his pursuits was the concept of thepowder of sympathy. This was a kind ofsympathetic magic; one manufactured a powder using appropriateastrological techniques, and daubed it, not on the injured part, but on whatever had caused the injury. His book on this mythical salve went through 29 editions.[20] Synchronising the effects of the powder, which allegedly caused a noticeable effect on the patient when applied, was actually suggested in 1687 as a means of solving thelongitude problem.
In 1644 he published together two major philosophical treatises,The Nature of Bodies andOn the Immortality of Reasonable Souls.[5][21] The latter was translated into Latin in 1661 byJohn Leyburn. TheseTwo Treatises were his major natural-philosophical works, and showed a combination ofAristotelianism andatomism.[22]
He was in touch with the leading intellectuals of the time, and was highly regarded by them; he was a founding member of theRoyal Society[4][17] and a member of its governing council from 1662 to 1663. His correspondence withFermat contains the only extant mathematical proof by Fermat, a demonstration, using hismethod of descent, that the area of a Pythagorean triangle cannot be a square.[23] HisDiscourse Concerning the Vegetation of Plants (1661) proved controversial among the Royal Society's members.[24] It was published in French in 1667. Digby is credited with being the first person to note the importance of "vital air", oroxygen, to the sustenance of plants.[25] He also came up with a crude theory ofphotosynthesis.[9]
Digby is known for the publication of acookbook,The Closet of the Eminently Learned Sir Kenelme Digbie Kt. Opened,[4] but it was actually published by a close servant, from his notes, in 1669, several years after his death. It is currently considered an excellent source of period recipes, particularly for beverages such asmead. He tried out many of his recipes on his wife, Venetia, one of which wascapons fed on the flesh ofvipers.[26]
Digby is also considered the father of the modernwine bottle. During the 1630s, Digby owned aglassworks atNewnham-on-Severn[27] and manufacturedglass onions, which were globular in shape with a high, tapered neck, a collar, and a punt. His manufacturing technique involved a coal furnace, made hotter than usual by the inclusion of a wind tunnel, and a higher ratio of sand topotash andlime than was customary. Digby's technique produced wine bottles which were stronger and more stable than most of their day, and which due to their translucent green or brown color protected the contents from light. During his exile and prison term, others claimed his technique as their own, but in 1662 Parliament recognised his claim to the invention as valid.[28]
Digby and his wife are the subjects of the 2014 literary novelViper Wine byHermione Eyre.[29]
He is mentioned inNathaniel Hawthorne's novelThe Scarlet Letter. In the chapter titled "The Leech", the narrator describes the antagonist, Chillingworth, as having an impressive knowledge of medicine, remarking that Chillingworth claims to have been a colleague of Digby "and other famous men" in the study of natural philosophy. Digby's "scientific attainments" are called "hardly less than supernatural".
Digby also appears inUmberto Eco's novelThe Island of the Day Before as "Mr. d'Igby". He explains the principle of hissympathetic powder (unguentum armarium) to the main character.
