Kelantan–Pattani Malay
Baso/Kecek Taning Baso/Kecek Klate Baso/Kecek Nayu(only in Thailand)
ภาษายาวี بهاس ملايو ڤطاني / كلنتن‎ Bahasa Melayu Kelantan/Pattani
Native to	Malaysia,Thailand
Region	Malaysia: Kelantan Merapoh,Pahang Besut andSetiu,Terengganu Baling,Sik andPadang Terap,Kedah Hulu Perak (Pengkalan Hulu andGrik),Perak Thailand: Patani region,Songkhla Province (Sabayoi,Chana,Nathawi,Thepha),Minburi area (Min Buri),Lat Krabang,Khlongsamwa,Nong Chok)
Ethnicity	Patani Malays Bangkok Malays Kelantanese Malays Baling Malay Grik Malay Reman Malays
Native speakers	1.5 million in Thailand (2010)[1] 2 million in Malaysia[citation needed]
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Malayic Kelantan–Pattani Malay
Writing system	Latin script,Thai script,Jawi script
Official status
Recognised minority language in	Thailand
Language codes
ISO 639-3	mfa Pattani
Glottolog	patt1249
Linguasphere	33-AFA-cb (Kelantan) 33-AFA-cc (Pattani)
Majority language   Minority language
This article containsIPA phonetic symbols. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbols instead ofUnicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA.

Kelantan–Pattani Malay (Malay:bahasa Melayu Kelantan–Patani;Thai:ภาษายาวี;baso/kecek Taning in Pattani;baso/kecek Klate in Kelantan) is anAustronesian language of theMalayic subfamily spoken in the Malaysian state ofKelantan, as well as inBesut andSetiu districts ofTerengganu state and thePerhentian Islands, and in the southernmost provinces ofThailand. It is the primary spoken language ofThai Malays and used as alingua franca by ethnic Southern Thais in rural areas, Muslim and non-Muslim and the Sam-Sam, a mostly Thai-speaking population of mixed Malay and Thai ancestry.

Kelantan–Pattani Malay is highly divergent from other Malay varieties because of its geographical isolation from the rest of the Malay world by high mountains, deep rainforests and theGulf of Thailand. It is also influenced byThai in Thailand.

Kelantanese–Pattani Malay is distinct enough that radio broadcasts inStandard Malay cannot be understood easily by native speakers of Kelantan-Pattani Malay, such as those in Thailand, who are not taught thestandard variety of the language. Unlike Malaysia, where Standard Malay is compulsory in the school curriculum, no one is required to learn Standard Malay in Thailand and so there is potentially less language influence from Standard Malay but potentially more fromThai. It is also distinct fromKedah Malay,Pahang Malay andTerengganu Malay, but those languages are much more closely related to the Kelantanese-Pattani Malay language than Standard Malay.

The language is often referred to in Thai asphasa Yawi (Thai:ภาษายาวี;IPA:[pʰāːsǎːjāːwīː]), which is a corruption of the Malay name for the modified Arabic alphabet for writing Malay,Jawi (Jawi:جاوي‎;IPA[ɟaˈwi]). It is also referred to in Thai asphasa Malayu Pattani (Thai:ภาษามลายูปัตตานี;IPA:[pʰāːsǎːmālāːjūːpàttāːnīː]) and similarly locally in Malay asbahasa Melayu Patani (Jawi:بهاس ملايو ڤطاني‎,Rumi:bahasa Melayu Patani,locally[baˈsɔˈnːajuˈtːaniŋ]). The language is often calledbahasa Patani in Pattani.

Kelantanese is known in Standard Malay asbahasa Kelantan, and in Kelantanese asbaso Kelate. It is also known asbaso Besut orKecek Kelate-Besut in Besut and Setiu of Terengganu State.

One variant of Kelantan-Pattani Malay is the Reman variant, also known asbahasa Reman (according to the speakers of this area; the areas where this variant was spoken were under theReman state oftheKingdom of Pattani that was abolished in 1902 in which the areas were Batu Kurau, inland Perak (Gerik, Pengkalan Hulu, Lenggong) and inland Kedah (Sik, Baling, Padang Terap)). The Reman viarants are known as various names such asbahasa Patani,bahasa Patani Kedah-Perak,basa Grik,Cakak Hulu,basa Kapong,basa Baling etc. It is also known as the Kedah Hulu dialect (in Kedah) and the Perak Hulu dialect (in Perak). However, these terms only apply to political and geographical factors rather than linguistic ones. This Reman variant has many dialects and subdialects across the areas where this variant is spoken.^{[citation needed]}

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Kelantanese Malay is written both in Latin and in theJawi alphabet, a writing system based on theArabic script. This is in stark contrast to the rest of the general population of Malay speakers in both Malaysia and Indonesia that now mainly use the Latin script, known in Malay asrumi (رومي), for daily communication. Today, Pattani Malay is generally not awritten language, though it is sometimes written in informal settings. An old-fashioned form of standard Malay is used when writing is needed rather than the local dialect. A phonetic rendering of Pattani Malay in the Thai alphabet has been introduced, but it has not been met with much success due to the socio-religious significance of Jawi to Muslim Malays.^{[citation needed]}

Southern Thailand has continued to be a region affected by two cultural spheres: the mainly Buddhist, Thai-speakingSiamese kingdoms and the mainly Muslim, Malay-speaking sultanates. The region was a warehouse of trade where merchants from Europe, India, Arabia, China, Siam, and other parts of the Malay world met. At first dominated by Hindu-Buddhist Indian influences, the great kingdom ofSrivijaya would later fall into chaos.Islam was introduced by Arab and Indian traders in the 11th century and has been the dominant religion ever since, replacing Buddhism and Hinduism that had held sway. By the 14th century, the area became vassals toAyutthaya, but the region was autonomous and never fully incorporated into modern Thaination-state until 1902. This political autonomy and isolation from the rest of the Malay world allowed for the preservation of the Malay language and culture but also led to the divergence of the dialect.^{[citation needed]}

Kelantan-Pattani Malay can be divided into three major variants and several dialects (and a few subdialects):

Kelantan: Coastal (Narathiwat, Besut dialects), Central / River, Dabong / Inland

Pattani: Yala, Saiburi, Bana Taning, Chenok / Chana, Nonthaburi / Bangkok

Reman: Grik, Sik, Baling, Padang Terap, Batu Kugho / Selama, Southern Yala

• The Reman variants of Kedah and Perak show some vocabulary influence from Perak Malay and Kedah Malay (e.g.mika ('you'),ang/hang ('you'),ciwi ('brag/show off'), etc.).

Creole/Pidgin: Samsam Malay (a mixed language of Thai and Pattani Malay spoken by those of mixed Thai-Malay ancestry)

Kelantanese is spoken in the Malaysian state ofKelantan, as well as inBesut andSetiu districts ofTerengganu and thePerhentian Islands. It is also spoken in theMerapoh township, in theLipis district ofPahang since this town borders the state of Kelantan.

Many people in the districts ofBaling,Sik andPadang Terap inKedah as well as theHulu Perak district ofPerak speak Kelantan-Patani language ofReman dialects, since most of the Malay people there are the descendants of Kelantanese migrants and Pattani refugees (in which whereby these regions were once parts of the Reman Kingdom of Pattani).

Pattani Malay is the main language of the Thai provincesNarathiwat,Yala andPattani where ethnic Malays make up the majority of the population, it is also spoken in parts ofSongkhla andBangkok. It is less spoken in the province ofSatun, where despite making up the majority, ethnic Malays generally speakSouthern Thai and their Malay dialect is similar toKedah Malay. It is also spoken in scattered villages as far north asHat Yai. In the past, Malay was the main language as far north as theIsthmus of Kra, the traditional division betweenCentral Thailand andSouthern Thailand, based on the preponderance of etymologically Malay place names.^{[citation needed]}

There are 21 consonants and 12 vowels in Pattani Malay.^[2] The phonemes/r/ and/z/ only appear in some loanwords or proper names.

Note(s):

• The close central unrounded vowel/ɨ/ is believed to actually be a schwa/ə/ according to Teoh (1994) and Adi Yasran (2005).
• Before a final/k/ and final/h/ coda and in open-ended words,/a/ is pronounced as:
  • Open-mid back rounded[ɔ] according to Nawanit (1989)^[3] (the one used from hereon throughout the page).
  • Open back unrounded[ɑ] according to Adi Yasran (2006, 2010)^[4][5] and Zaharani (2006).^[4]
  • Near-open central[ɐ] according to Teoh (1984).^[6]
• Many such as Adi Yasran (2010) and Teoh and Yeoh (1988) believe that the nasal vowels of Kelantan-Pattani Malay do not count as phonemes.

Kelantan-Pattani Malay is different enough from Standard Malay that it is often unintelligible to speakers of the standard language. Differences include some differences in vocabulary, and different sound correspondences. The influence of Southern Thai and the Kelantan-Pattani Malay in Pattani upon each other is great, and both have large numbers of loanwords from the other. The influence of the Thai language makes comprehension between the Pattani variety of Kelatan-Pattani Malay and Standard Malay a bit more difficult than comprehension between the Kelantanese variety of Kelantan-Pattani Malay and Standard Malay.^{[citation needed]}

Note(s):

• The spelling used for the Kelantan-Pattani Malay words is apronunciation respelling.

Speakers in the Pattani region are also noted to use loans directly from Thai such astahang "army" fromทหารRTGS: tá-hǎan,torosak "telephone" fromโทรศัพท์RTGS: toorá-sàp andbesek "receipt" fromใบเสร็จRTGS: bai-set.^[8]

Gemination occurs for various purposes and in various forms in Kelatan-Pattani Malay. At the phonemic level, these geminations are transcribed as/CC/ but they are pronounced as[Cː] so/dd/ is pronounced as[dː].^[9]

These geminations are derived by deleting the initial syllable and replacing it with a geminated form of the initial consonant of the remaining word.

• From simple words
  • betina/bətina/ >/ttina/[tːinɔ] 'woman'
  • buwi/buwi/ >/wwi/[wːi] 'to give'
• From prefixed words
  • berjalan/bərɟalan/ >/ɟɟalan/[ɟːalɛ̃] 'to walk'
  • berdiri/bərdiri/ >/ddiri/[dːiɣi] 'to stand up'

These geminates are derived by deleting the initial morpheme of a reduplicated word and replacing it with a geminated form of the remaining morpheme. Unlike the geminations acquired from initial syllable reduction, these geminates are not free variants of their Standard Malay counterparts.

• From the reduplicated form of a word
  • baik-baik/baikbaik/ >/bbaik/[bːaiʔ] 'well'
  • molek-molek/molekmolek/ >/mmolek/[mːɔlɛʔ] 'properly'
• From words that are reduplications of a single word
  • layang-layang/lajaŋlajaŋ/ >/llajaŋ/[lːajɛ̃] 'kite'
  • kura-kura/kurakura/ >/kkura/[kːuɣɔ] 'tortoise'

In this situation, a word with a function is deleted and the word afterwards is geminated. This sort of gemination is a free variant of its Standard Malay counterpart.

• From a verbal linker
  • basuh buwi cuci/basuhbuwicuci/ >/basuhccuci/[basuhcːuci] 'to wash clean'
  • taruh buwi panjang/taruhbuwipaɲɟaŋ/ >/taruhppaɲɟaŋ/[taɣuhpːaɲɟɛ̃] 'to keep something so it'll grow long'
• From preposition reduction
  • ke darat/kədarat/ >/ddarat/[dːaɣaʔ] 'to/at/from the shore'
  • sejak pagi/səɟakpaɡi/ >/ppaɡɡi/[pːaɡi] 'since the morning'

Many loanwords tend to have initial geminated consonants too.

• tar/tar/ >/ttar/[tːa] 'tar'

Kelantan-Pattani Malay has a set of stress rules that is quite different to that of Standard Malay.^[10]

Generally, in Kelantan-Pattani Malay, the primary stress falls on the last syllable if the word starts with a single consonant.

• nak/nak/ >[ˈnɔ̃ʔ] 'to want'
• dalam/dalam/ >[ˌdaˈlɛ̃] 'in'
• gelisah/ɡəlisah/ >[ɡəˌliˈsɔh] 'restless'

However, in words with more than one syllable, syllables with a schwa/ə/ are unstressed.

• petang/pətaŋ/ >[pəˈtɛ̃] 'afternoon'
• belakang/bəlakaŋ/ >[bəˌlaˈkɛ̃] 'back'

Syllables that do not have the schwa and are not in the word-final position take the secondary stress.

• jalan/ɟalan/ >[ˌɟaˈlɛ̃] 'path'
• makanan/makanan/ >[ˌmãˌkɛˈnɛ̃] 'food'

If a word has an initial syllable with a geminated consonant, that syllable automatically takes the primary stress.

• berjalan/bərɟalan/ >/ɟɟalan/[ˈɟːaˌlɛ̃] 'to walk'
• ke darat/kədarat/ >/ddarat/[ˈdːaˌɣaʔ] 'to/at/from the shore'

Kelantan–Pattani Malay test ofWikipedia atWikimedia Incubator

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