| Kedah Malay | |
|---|---|
| بهاس ملايو قدح ภาษามลายูไทรบุรี | |
| Pelat Utagha Bahasa Melayu Kedah, Bahasa Melayu Utara | |
| Native to | Malaysia,Thailand,Myanmar andIndonesia |
| Region | Kedah,Pulau Pinang,Perlis, northernPerak (Kerian,Manjung,Larut, Matang and Selama),Trang,Satun,Ranong,Tanintharyi,Langkat,Aceh |
| Ethnicity | Kedahan Malays Thai Malays Burmese Malays Jaring Halus Malays |
Native speakers | 2.6 million (2004)[1] |
Austronesian
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Latin script,Arabic script,Thai script | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | meo |
| Glottolog | keda1251 |
| This article containsIPA phonetic symbols. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbols instead ofUnicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. | |
Kedah Malay orKedahan (Malay:bahasa Melayu Kedah; also known asPelat Utara orLoghat Utara 'Northern Dialect') or as it is known in Thailand,Syburi Malay (Thai:ภาษามลายูไทรบุรีPhasa Malāyū Saiburī) is aMalayic language mainly spoken in the northwesternMalaysian states ofPerlis,Kedah,Penang, and northernPerak and in the southernThai provinces ofTrang andSatun. The usage of Kedah Malay was historically prevalent in southwestern Thailand before being superseded by theThai language. Enclaves of Kedah Malay can be found inKawthaung District inMyanmar;Ranong andKrabi in upper southern Thailand; Jaring Halus,Langkat andAceh inSumatra,Indonesia and up north inBangkok, central Thailand, where most of the Kedah Malay speakers are descendants of historical settlers from Kedah.[2]
Kedah Malay can be divided into several dialects, namely Coastal Kedah (Kedah Persisiran; which is the de factoprestige dialect of Kedah Malay), Northern Kedah (Kedah Utara),Perlis-Langkawi,Penang and some others outside Malaysia.[3] Speakers inTrang as well asSatun are heavily influenced by the Thai language. However in the district ofBaling, they speak a differentvariant more closely related toKelantan-Patani Malay than it is to Kedah Malay.[4]
| Labial | Alveolar | Palato-alveolar | Dorsal | Laryngeal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | pb | td | t͡ʃd͡ʒ | kɡ | ʔ |
| Fricative | s | hʁ | ʕ | ||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |
| Trill | r | ||||
| Semivowel | l | j | w |
Note(s):
Kedah Malay has eightmonophthongs, unlike Standard Malay which has six with/ɛ/ and/ɔ/ not having phonemic status.[16][17][18]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Close-Mid | e | o | |
| Mid | ə | ||
| Open-Mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
| Open | a |
Kedah Malay has fourdiphthongs/aj,aw,oj,uj/ with/uj/ being the only one that does not exist in Standard Malay.[19][20]
In Kedah Malay, Standard Malay instances of vowel clusters correspond to usually a diphthong (e.g. Standard Malaybaik (good)/ba.ik/ ≙ Kedah Malay/bajʔ/) or less commonly, a monophthong (e.g. Standard Malaybiasa (normal)/bi.a.sa/ ≙ Kedah Malay/bɛ.sa/) in Kedah Malay.[21] The/i.a/ vowel cluster still occurs though in positions that correspond to Standard Malay word-final/ir/ (e.g. Standard Malaypasir (sand)/pa.sir/ ≙ Kedah Malay/pa.si.aʕ/.
Below is a table showing sound correspondences between Kedah Malay and Standard Malay.[22][23]
| Standard Malay Sound | Kedah Malay Correspondence | Example (Standard Malay ≙ Kedah Malay) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| /-al/ | /-aj/ | tebal/təbal/ 'thick' | ≙ | /təbaj/ |
| /-ul/ | /-oj/ | pukul/pukul/ 'to hit' | /pukoj/ | |
| /-il/ | /-e/ | katil/katil/ 'bed' | /kate/ | |
| /-el/ | /-ɛ/ | comel/t͡ʃomel/ 'cute' | /t͡ʃɔmɛ/ | |
| /-a.ul/ | /-oj/ (Coastal Kedah) /-aj/ (Northern Kedah) | gaul/ɡa.ul/ 'to mix' | /ɡoj/ (Coastal Kedah) /ɡaj/ (Northern Kedah) | |
| /-as/ | /-ajh/ | malas/malas/ 'lazy' | /malajh/ | |
| /-us/ | /-ujh/ /-ojh/ (Perlis-Langkawi) | bagus/baɡus/ 'good' | /baɡujh/ /baɡojh/ (Perlis-Langkawi) | |
| /-is/ | /-eh/ | tapis/tapis/ 'to filter' | /tapeh/ | |
| /-oh/ | /-ɔ/ | bodoh/bodoh/ 'stupid' | /bɔdɔ/ | |
| /-ar/ | /-aʕ/ | lapar/lapar/ 'hungry' | /lapaʕ/ | |
| /-ur/ | /-ɔʕ/ /-u.aʕ/ (Perlis-Langkawi) | bubur/bubur/ 'porridge' | /bu.bɔʕ/ /bu.bu.aʕ/ (Perlis-Langkawi) | |
| /-ɔʕ/ /-ɔ.aʕ/ (Perlis-Langkawi) | tohor/tohor/ 'shallow' | /tɔ.hɔʕ/ /tɔ.hɔ.aʕ/ (Perlis-Langkawi) | ||
| /-ir/ | /-i.aʕ/ | hampir/ham.pir/ 'nearly' | /ham.pi.aʕ/ | |
| /-a.ir/ | /-a.jaʕ/ | air/a.ir/ 'water' | /a.jaʕ/ | |
| /-ut/ | /-u.əʔ/ (Perlis-Langkawi) | lutut/lutut/ 'knee' | /lu.tu.əʔ/ (Perlis-Langkawi) | |
| /i.a/ | /ja/ | biar/bi.ar/ | /bjaʕ/ | |
| /ɛ/ | biasa/bi.a.sa/ 'normal' | /bɛ.sa/ | ||
| /a/ | siapa/si.a.pa/ 'who' | /sa.pa/ | ||
| /u.a/ | /wa/ | buah/bu.ah/ | /bwah/ | |
| /ɔ/ | kuala/ku.a.la/ 'estuary' | /kɔ.la/ | ||
| /a.i/ | /aj/ | baik/ba.ik/ 'good' | /bajʔ/ | |
| /a.hi/ | dahi/da.hi/ 'forehead' | /daj/ | ||
| /-a.u/ | /aw/ | bau/ba.u/ 'smell' | /baw/ | |
| /-a.hu/ | mahu/ma.hu/ 'to want' | /maw/ | ||
| /-a.u-/ | /aw/ /aj/ (Northern Kedah) | daun/da.un/ 'leaf' | /dawn/ /dajn/ (Northern Kedah) | |
| /-a.hu-/ | tahun/ta.hun/ 'year' | /tawn/ /tajn/ (Northern Kedah) | ||
| Kedah Malay | Standard Malay | English Translation |
|---|---|---|
| hang | awak/kamu/kau | 'you' (singular) |
| hangpå/hampå | kalian | 'you' (plural) |
| cek/aku | saya/aku | 'I' |
| cek | saya | 'I' (young to old) |
| cek | kamu | 'you' (old to young) |
| depå/lepå | mereka | 'they' |
| sépå (In a few certain areas) /kitorang | kami | 'we' (exclusive) |
| Kedah Malay | Standard Malay | English Translation |
|---|---|---|
| sapadiå,sapå | siapa/siapakah | 'who' |
| apå,på,padiå,natangpå | apa/apakah | 'what' |
| bilå,mengkalå | bila/bilakah | 'when' |
| genå,lagumanå | bagaimana/bagaimanakah | 'how' |
| manå | mana | 'where' |
| pasaipå,sepå,awat, buatpå,sebabpå | mengapa | 'why' |
| bapå | berapa | 'how much' |
| Kedah Malay | Standard Malay | English Translation |
|---|---|---|
| camcå | sudu | 'spoon' |
| habaq | cakap | 'talk' |
| mai | datang,mari | 'come' |
| mau | nak | 'want' |
| payah | susah | 'difficult' |
| lå,lani | sekarang | 'now' |
| lagu | macam | 'sort' |
| cabai | cili/lada | 'chilli' |
| hakap | tamak | 'greedy' |
| pi | pergi | 'go' |
| sat | sebentar,sekejap | 'one second' |
| mengkalā | bila,apabila | 'when' |
| ketegaq | degil,keras kepala | 'naughty' |
| geghék,beskat | basikal | 'bicycle' |
| mertun | tukul | 'hammer' |
| lempaq | baling | 'throw' |
| ghabat,ghagaih | memanjat | 'climb' |
| ligan | kejar | 'chase' |
| loqlaq | tak senonoh | 'indecent' |
| ketit | gigit kecil | 'bite softly' |
| tokak | gigit | 'bite' |
| belemoih | comot | 'messy' |
| cemuih | bosan | 'bored' |
