After the breakup of theSoviet Union in December 1991, most of the formerly Soviet republics attempted to maintain a common currency. Some politicians hoped to at least maintain "special relations" among former Soviet republics (the "near abroad"). Other reasons were the economic considerations for maintaining the ruble zone. The wish to preserve strong trade relations between former Soviet republics was considered the most important goal.[5]
The break-up of the Soviet Union was not accompanied by any formal changes in monetary arrangements. TheCentral Bank of Russia took over the State Bank of the USSR (Gosbank) on 1 January 1992. It continued to ship Soviet notes and coins to the central banks of the eleven newly independent countries, which had formerly been the main branches of Gosbank in the republics.
The political situation, however, was not favourable for maintaining a common currency.[5] Maintaining a common currency requires a strong political consensus in respect to monetary and fiscal targets, a common institution in charge of implementing these targets, and some minimum of common legislation (concerning the banking and foreign-exchange regulations).[citation needed] These conditions were far from being met amidst the turbulent economic and political situation.
During the first half of 1992, there existed amonetary union where 15 independent states all used the ruble. Since it was clear that the situation would not last, each of them was using its position as "free-riders" to issue huge amounts of money in the form of credit.[6] As a result, some countries were issuing coupons in order to "protect" their markets from buyers from other states. TheRussian central bank responded in July 1992 by setting up restrictions to the flow of credit between Russia and other states. The final collapse of the ruble zone began when Russia pulled out with the exchange of banknotes by the Central Bank of Russia on Russian territory at the end of July 1993.[7]
As a result, Kazakhstan and other countries still in the ruble zone were "pushed out."[6] On 12 November 1993, thepresident of Kazakhstan issued adecree "On introducing national currency of Republic of Kazakhstan." The tenge was introduced on 15 November 1993 to replaceSoviet currency at a rate of ₸ 1 = Rbls 500. In 1991, a "special group" of designers was set up: Mendybay Alin, Timur Suleymenov, Asimsaly Duzelkhanov and Khayrulla Gabzhalilov. Thus 15 November is celebrated as the "Day of National Currency of Republic of Kazakhstan". In 1995 a tenge-printing factory opened in Kazakhstan. The first consignment of tenge banknotes were printed in the United Kingdom and the first coins were struck in Germany. In February 2019, Kazakh PresidentNursultan Nazarbayev signed a bill into law that would remove all Russian captions from future tenge banknotes and coins.[8]
The wordtenge inKazakh and in most otherTurkic languages meansbalance, a set ofweighing scale, balanced scale and parity of scale or other measurements. (Turkishdenge,cf the oldUzbektenga or theTajik borrowed termtanga). The origin of the word is theMongolic wordteng (ᠲᠡᠩ) originating from Chineseděng (等 or 戥) which means "being equal, balance". The name of this currency is thus similar to thepound,lira,peso,taka, andshekel. The name of the currency is also related to the Russian word for moneyRussian:деньги/den'gi, which theOld Russian language borrowed from Turkic sources.[9]
Originally a simple letter "Т" was used to denote amounts in tenge, this is still recommended when the tenge symbol is not available.[10] In autumn 2006 the National Bank of Kazakhstan organised a competition for a unique symbol for the currency and received over 30,000 applications.
On 29 March 2007, the Bank announced two designers fromAlmaty, Vadim Davydenko and Sanzhar Amirkhanov, as winners for the design of the symbol of the Kazakhstani tenge. They shared a prize of ₸1,000,000 and the title of "parents" of the tenge symbol.[11]
The character was included in Unicode 5.2.0 (August 2009) at code point U+20B8.[12]
In 1993, the first series of coins were introduced in denominations of 2, 5, 10, 20, and 50 tiyin featuring the national arms and were struck in bronze. The coins of ₸ 1, ₸ 3, ₸ 5, ₸ 10, and ₸ 20 were struck in cupro-nickel and depicted stylized and mythical animals. The coins of this period circulated alongside tiyin and low denomination tenge notes of equal value. Tiyin coins were withdrawn as of 7 February 2001 and lost their effect as legal currency as of 31 December 2012.[13][14]
₸1, ₸2, ₸5, ₸10, ₸20, ₸50 and ₸100 coins of the second series.
In 1998, a new series of coins was introduced. After the withdrawal of tiyin denominated coins ₸ 1 became the smallest denomination. ₸ 100 were later introduced in 2002 replacing the equivalent notes. A ₸ 2 coin was introduced in 2005. In 2013 the alloy of lower denomination coins was altered.
Second series coins of the Kazakh tenge (1997–2018)[15]
Image
Value
Technical parameters
Description
Date of
Diameter
Mass
Thickness
Composition
Edge
Obverse
Reverse
minting
issue
withdrawal
lapse
₸1
15 mm
1.63 g
1.3 mm
Alloy of "nickel silver", yellow color (since 2013 - carbon steel, galvanic coating yellow metal)
In 2019, a new series of coins was introduced into circulation, with the same coin specifications and metallic compositions as the second series. But with the inscriptions of the coins now rendered in Latin-basedKazakh instead of Kazakh-based Cyrillic.
The coins were issued as part of the efforts of the presidential decree issued by former PresidentNursultan Nazarbayev of its transition of switching from a Cyrillic-based alphabet to a Latin-based alphabet and emphasizing Kazakh culture and distance the country from Russian influence. The designs of the coins were approved by Interim PresidentKassym-Jomart Tokayev on 20 March 2019. Previously issued coins bearing the Kazakh Cyrillic script will remain legal tender alongside the new Kazakh Latin inscribed coins. In 2019, the National Bank of Kazakhstan announced the issuance of new ₸200 coins, which were issued into circulation in 2020. This new denomination features inscriptions in Latin-based Kazakh, and like the ₸100 coin, is bi-metallic.[16]
Third series coins of the Kazakh tenge (2019–present)[17]
Commemorative coins are issued in denominations of ₸20, ₸50, ₸100, ₸500, ₸1,000, ₸2,500, ₸5,000 and ₸10,000. Silver and goldbullion coins exist in denominations of ₸1, ₸2, ₸5, ₸10, ₸20, ₸50 and ₸100. Many of the ₸20 and ₸50 commemoratives are also struck in cupro-nickel and occasionally make it out into general circulation as a side coinage with face value.
New symbol of tenge (₸) used on info-board of a currency exchange office inAlmaty
On 15 November 1993, theNational Bank of Kazakhstan issued notes in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 50 tiyn, T 1, T 3, T 5, T 10, T 20, and T 50; T 100 notes followed shortly thereafter. These were followed in 1994 by T 200, T 500, and T 1,000 notes. T 2,000 notes were introduced in 1996, with T 5,000 in 1999 and T 10,000 on 28 July 2003.[18] Notes currently in circulation are:
Some ₸2,000 notes spelled the wordбанкі (bank) incorrectly asбанқі.
TheNational Bank of Kazakhstan issued a new series of tenge banknotes in 2006. This was not a currency reform as they replaced existing notes at face value.
The 2006 series is far more exotic than its predecessors. The obverse is vertical and the denomination is written inKazakh. All denominations depict theBayterek monument, theflag of Kazakhstan, theCoat of arms, the handprint with a signature ofpresidentNursultan Nazarbayev and fragments of thenational anthem. The main differences across each denomination are only the colours, denominations and underprint patterns.
On the contrast, the reverse side of the notes are more different. The denomination is written inRussian, and each denomination shows a unique building andgeography of Kazakhstan in the outline of its borders.
The first printing of the ₸2,000 and ₸5,000 notes issued in 2006 had misspellings of the word for "bank" (the correct spelling "банкі"bankı was misspelled "*банқі"banqı). The misspelling was a politically sensitive issue due to the cultural and political importance of the Kazakh language.[19]
On 3 October 2016, the ₸2,000, ₸5,000 and ₸10,000 banknotes of the 2006 series lost their legal tender status and are no longer valid. From 4 October 2016 to 3 October 2017, these notes could be exchanged without commission at any second tier bank and branches of the National Bank of Kazakhstan.[20]
2006 Series
Image
Value
Main Colour
Description
Date of issue
Obverse
Reverse
Obverse
Reverse
₸200
orange
Astana Bayterek monument,Kazakhstan flag,Kazakhstan coat of arms, handprint with a signature of Kazakh PresidentNursultan Nazarbayev, fragments of thenational anthem, value in numerals and Kazakh words, issuing bank in Kazakh, inscription in Kazakh stating that counterfeiting banknotes is against the law
Transport and Communication Ministry and a winged snow leopard on the bridge over River Ishim, outline map of Kazakhstan with Ministry of Defense and the steppes in the background, value in Russian, name of issuing in Kazakh, logo of issuing bank, inscription in Russian stating that counterfeiting banknotes is against the law
Ministry of Finance and Akimat (City Hall) ofAstana, outline map of Kazakhstan with gulls over the sea in background, value in Russian, name of issuing in Kazakh, logo of issuing bank, inscription in Russian stating that counterfeiting banknotes is against the law
₸1,000
brown
President Culture Center, outline map of Kazakhstan with mountains in background, value in Russian, name of issuing in Kazakh, logo of issuing bank, inscription in Russian stating that counterfeiting banknotes is against the law
₸2,000
green
Abai Opera House, outline map of Kazakhstan with mountain lake in background, value in Russian, name of issuing in Kazakh, logo of issuing bank, inscription in Russian stating that counterfeiting banknotes is against the law
₸5,000
red
Independence Monument and the Kazakhstan Hotel, outline map of Kazakhstan with mountains in background, value in Russian, name of issuing in Kazakh, logo of issuing bank, inscription in Russian stating that counterfeiting banknotes is against the law
₸10,000
purple
Residence Akorda (presidential palace), outline map of Kazakhstan with canyons in the background, value in Russian, name of issuing in Kazakh, logo of issuing bank, inscription in Russian stating that counterfeiting banknotes is against the law
TheNational Bank of Kazakhstan issued a new series of tenge banknotes dated 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014 in denominations of ₸1,000, ₸2,000, ₸5,000, and ₸10,000.[21][22][23][24] The designs for this series feature the "Kazakh Eli" monument on the front of the notes. On 1 December 2015, a new ₸20,000 banknote was introduced. It contains the issue date of 2013, and is a commemorative note to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the introduction of its national currency, but was not issued until 2015.[25] In 2017, the National Bank of Kazakhstan issued a ₸500 banknote as part of this series, but has caused controversy over an image of a gull on the reverse side of the note and the image of theMoscow business center in Kazakhstan's capital ofAstana.[26]
Flag, skyscrapers, "Kazakh Eli" monument inAstana (representing the "Independence of Kazakhstan" and the "Continuation of Generations"),Emblem of Kazakhstan andFlag of Kazakhstan
"Kazakh Eli" monument inAstana (representing the "independence of Kazakhstan" and the "Continuation of Generations"), Palace of Independence, pigeons,Emblem of Kazakhstan andFlag of Kazakhstan
Outline of Kazakhstan, Monument of Independence, Hotel "Kazakhstan" (Almaty/Alma Ata), Zailijsky Alatau ridge of Tjan-Shan mountain range
"Kazakh Eli" monument inAstana (representing the "independence of Kazakhstan" and the "Continuation of Generations"), pigeons,Emblem of Kazakhstan,Flag of Kazakhstan and the Mangilik El triumphal arch
The National Bank of Kazakhstan announced a new series of banknotes set for issue from 2023 to 2025. Named "Saka", the series will introduce notes issued in a reduced size, drop the Russian language, and incorporate many new security features for all six denominations. Banknotes of the previous series will cease to be legal tender after the release of each denomination, and will be redeemable at banks and post offices for up to three years. The National Bank of Kazakhstan will redeem all previous issues without limit.[28]
Since 2008, a number of commemorative designs have been issued, including notes celebrating the 2011Asian Winter Games hosted in Astana. Commemoratives can typically be found in these denominations: ₸1,000, ₸2,000, ₸5,000, and ₸10,000.
The National Bank of Kazakhstan issued a 10,000 tenge commemorative banknote to commemorate the 25th anniversary of independence from the Soviet Union. The commemorative note contains an image of Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev,[30] and was launched into circulation on the Day of the First President, 1 December 2016.
₸20,000 (2021)
The National Bank of Kazakhstan issued a 20,000 tenge commemorative banknote to commemorate the 30th anniversary of independence from the Soviet Union. The commemorative note features images of the first president of Kazakhstan, "Elbasy" Nursultan Nazarbayev, the Akorda Presidential Palace, a view of the capital city of Astana and the official logo for the celebrations. The commemorative note is also the first to feature inscriptions in Kazakh-based Latin instead of Kazakh-based Cyrillic. The commemorative note was issued on 16 December 2021.[31]
On 2 September 2013, the National Bank of Kazakhstan moved the tenge from a managed float and pegged it to theUS dollar and theRussian ruble.[32]
On 11 February 2014, the Kazakh National Bank chose to devalue the tenge by 19% against the U.S. dollar in response to a weakening of the Russian ruble.[33]
On 20 August 2015, the Kazakhstan National Bank did away with the currency band with respect to conversion rate of tenge. Now, the tenge is a free-floating currency and its exchange rate against the major currencies are determined by demand and supply in the market. Due to this change, the tenge lost 30% of its value in a single day.[34]
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