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Kayan language (Borneo)

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Austronesian dialect cluster of Southeast Asia

For the unrelated "Kayan" language spoken by the Kayan people of Burma, seePadaung language.

Kayan
Kajan
Native to	Indonesia,Malaysia
Region	Borneo
Ethnicity	Kayans
Native speakers	(35,000 cited 1981–2007)^[1]
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Greater North Borneo ? Kayanic Kayan–Murik Kayan
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Variously: `xay` – Kayan Mahakam `kys` – Baram Kayan `bfg` – Busang Kayan `xkn` – Kayan River Kayan `xkd` – Mendalam Kayan `ree` – Rejang Kayan `whu` – Wahau Kayan `bhv` – Bahau
Glottolog	`kaya1333` Kayanic

Kayan (Kajan, Kayan proper) is adialect cluster spoken by theKayan people ofBorneo. It is a cluster of closely related dialects with limitedmutual intelligibility, and is itself part of theKayan-Murik group of Austronesian languages.

Baram Kayan is a local trade language.^{[further explanation needed]}Bahau is part of the dialect cluster, but is not ethnically Kayan.

Internal classification

[edit]

Glottolog v4.8 classifies the Kayan dialect cluster as follows:

Kayan

Bahau

Baram Kayan

Kayan River Kayan

Mendalam Kayan

Rejan–Makaham Kayan

	Busang Kayan

	Kayan Mahakam

	Rejang Kayan

Phonology

[edit]

The following is based on the Baram dialect:

Consonants

[edit]

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n	ɲ	ŋ
Plosive/ Affricate	voiceless	p	t	(tʃ)	k	ʔ
	tense		tː		kː
	voiced	b	d	dʒ	g
Fricative		β	s	(ʃ)		h
Tap/Trill			r
Lateral			l
Approximant		w		j

/r/ can be heard as either a tap[ɾ] or a trill[r] in free variation.
/k/ can be heard as[x] when in free fluctuation with [k] in word-medial position.
/ɲ,ŋ/ can be realized as more fronted[ɲ̟,ŋ̟] when preceding high vocoids.
/dʒ/ may also be heard as a palatalized stop[dʲ] in free fluctuation.
/s/ may also be heard as[ʃ] in free variation, and may also fluctuate to a stop sound[tʃ].

Vowels

[edit]

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Mid	ɛ	ə	ɔ
Open		a

Length [Vː] is said to occur in free variation or in word-final position.
/i/ can be heard as[ɪ] in initial or medial positions, or in free variation with[i].
/ə/ can also be heard as[ɘ] in word-medial position.
/a/ can be heard as[ɐ] before a medial or final/ʔ/ or/h/.
/ɔ/ can be heard as[o] when before a/ʔ/ or/h/, or in fluctuation with[ɔ].^[2]

External links

[edit]

^Kayan Mahakam atEthnologue (18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
Baram Kayan atEthnologue (18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
Busang Kayan atEthnologue (18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
Kayan River Kayan atEthnologue (18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
Mendalam Kayan atEthnologue (18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
Rejang Kayan atEthnologue (18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
(Additional references under 'Language codes' in the information box)
^Cubit, L. E. (1964).Kayan phonemics. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 120. pp. 409–423.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

Wikivoyage has a phrasebook forKayan.

Malayo–Chamic *

Iban–Malayan

North Borneo *

Greater
Dusunic *

Bisaya–Lotud	Brunei Bisaya Lotud
Dusunic	Eastern Kadazan Kadazandusun Central Dusun Coastal Kadazan Klias River Kadazan Kota Marudu Talantang Kuijau Momogun / Rungus
Paitanic	Kinabatangan Serudung Abai Sungai Tombonuwo

Greater
Murutic *

Papar Tatana ?
Murutic	Baukan Ganaʼ Kalabakan Keningau Nunukan Tidung Okolod Paluan Selungai Sembakung Sesayap Tidung Tagol Timugon

Others

Moklenic ?
- Moken
- Moklen
Rejang ?
Sundanese
- Old Sundanese †
- Baduy
- Bantenese
- Cirebonese

* indicates proposed status
? indicates classification dispute
† indicatesextinct status

Greater North Borneo languages

North Borneo *

Northeast Sabah *

Southwest Sabah *

Greater
Dusunic *

Bisaya–Lotud	Brunei Bisaya Lotud
Dusunic	Kadazandusun Central Dusun Coastal Kadazan Kuijau Eastern Kadazan Kota Marudu Talantang Rungus / Momogun Klias River Kadazan
Paitanic	Tombonuwo Kinabatangan Abai Sungai Serudung

Greater
Murutic *

Tatana ? Papar
Murutic	Tagol Timugon Keningau Selungai Sembakung Baukan Okolod Paluan Ganaʼ Kalabakan Nunukan Tidung Sesayap Tidung

North Sarawak *

Central Sarawak

Kayanic

Land Dayak ?

Malayo–Chamic *

Aceh–Chamic

Malayic

Ibanic

Sundanese ?

Sundanese
- Old Sundanese †
- Baduy
- Bantenese
- Cirebonese

Rejang ?

Rejang

Moklenic ?

* indicates proposed status
? indicates classification dispute
† indicatesextinct status

Languages of Indonesia

Western Malayo-Polynesian languages

Official language

Indonesian
- Slang

Malayo-Sumbawan

Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa	Balinese Bali Aga Lombok Nusa Penida Sasak Sumbawa
Chamic	Acehnese Daya South
Ibanic	Iban Mualang Seberuang Keninjal
Madurese	Bangkalan Bawean Kangean Pendalungan Banyuwangi Lumajang Pasuruan Situbondo Sapudi Sumenep
Malayic	Akit Ampenan Malay Anambas–Natuna Malay Asahan Malay Bangka Malay Banjarese Hulu Kuala Samarinda Batubara Malay Belitung Malay Bengkayang Malay Berau Malay Bilah Malay Bonai Bukit Deli Malay Medan Duano' Haji Jambi Malay Kuala Tungkal Jaring Halus Malay Kapuas Hulu Malay Kendayan Kerinci Kotapinang Malay Kotawaringin Malay Kualuh Malay Kubu Kutainese Kota Bangun Tenggarong Landak Malay Langkat Malay Lom Loncong Lubu Malayic Dayak Arut Bamayo Banana' Belantikan Delang Gerunggang Ketapang/Kayong Lamandau Mentebah-Suruk Pesaguan Hulu Pesaguan Kiri Riam Semitau Suhaid Sukamara Tamuan-Tomun Tapitn Melawi Malay Mempawah Malay Musi Belide Col/Lembak Lematang Musi Palembang Pegagan Penesak Penukal Rawas Minangkabau Jamee Kampar Kuantan Mukomuko Pesisir Rao Tapan Ulu Muara Sipongi Orang Laut Barok Galang Mantang Palu Malay Panai Malay Petalangan Pontianak Malay Riau Malay Pangaraian Riau Coastal Rokan Hilir Siak Tembilahan Sakai Sambas Malay Sanggau Malay Sekadau Malay Serdang Malay Sintang Malay Sokop South Barisan Malay Benakat Bengkulu Besemah Enim Lematang Ulu Lintang Kaur Ogan Pekal Rambang Semende Serawai Talang Mamak Tamiang Malay Tolitoli Malay
Sundanese	Baduy Banten Brebes Cirebon Northern Coast Bekasi Priangan

Javanese

Celebic

Lampungic

Northwest Sumatra–
Barrier Islands

Central Philippine	Tausug
Gorontalo-Mongondow	Bintauna Bolango Buol Gorontaloan Polahi Kaidipang Lolak Mongondow Ponosakan Suwawa
Minahasan	Tombulu Tondano Tonsawang Tonsea Tontemboan
Sangiric	Bantik Ratahan Sangir Talaud Miangas

Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages

Aru	Barakai Batuley Dobel Karey Koba Kola-Kompane Lola Lorang Manombai Mariri Tarangan Ujir
Central Maluku	Alune Amahai Ambelau Asilulu Banda Bati Benggoi Boano Bobot Buru Geser Haruku Hulaliu Kailolo Pelauw Rohomoni-Kabauw Hitu Hoti † Huaulu Hukumina † Hulung † Kaibobo Kamarian † Kayeli Kowiai Laha Larike-Wakasihu Latu Liana-Seti Lisabata-Nuniali Lisela Loun † Luhu † Mangole Manipa Manusela Masiwang Naka'ela Nuaulu Nusa Laut † Paulohi Salas Saleman Saparua Seit-Kaitetu Sepa-Teluti Sula Taliabo Teor-Kur Tulehu Watubela Wemale Yalahatan
Flores–Lembata	Alorese Kedang Lamaholot Adonara Ile Ape Lamalera Lamatuka Levuka Lewo Eleng Lewotobi South Lembata West Lembata Sika
Halmahera- Cenderawasih	Ambai Ambel Ansus Arguni As Batta Bedoanas Biak Biga Buli Busami Dusner Erokwanas Gane Irarutu Iresim Kuri Kurudu Maba Maden Matbat Ma'ya Munggui Marau Meoswar Mor Papuma Patani Pom Roon Sawai Serui-Laut Taba Tandia † Wabo Wamesa Wandamen Waropen Woi Yaur Yeretuar Yeresiam
Kei-Tanimbar	Fordata Kei Onin Sekar Uruangnirin Yamdena
Micronesian	Mapia †
Selaru	Selaru Seluwasan
Sumba–Flores	Anakalangu Baliledo Bima Donggo Dhao Ende Gaura Hawu Kambera Kéo Kodi Komodo Lamboya Lio Mamboru Manggarai Nage Ngadha Palu'e Pondok Rajong Rembong Riung Rongga So'a Kepo' Wae Rana Wanukaka Wejewa
Timor–Babar	Amarasi Bekais Bilba Dai Dawera-Daweloor Dela-Oenale Dengka East Damar Emplawas Galoli Helong Imroing Kemak Kisar Leti Lole Luang Masela Nila North Babar Ringgou Romang Serili Serua Southeast Babar Tela'a Termanu Tetum Te'un Tii Uab Meto West Damar Welaun Wetar
Western Oceanic	Anus Bonggo Kayupulau Liki Masimasi Ormu Podena Kaptiau Sobei Tarpia Tobati Wakde Yamna

Papuan languages

North Halmahera	Galela Gamkonora Kao Loloda Modole Pagu Sahu Tabaru Ternate Tiana Tidore Tobelo Togutil Waioli West Makian
Timor–Alor–Pantar	Abui Adang Blagar Bunak Kaera Kafoa Kamang Klon Kui Kula Nedebang Oirata Retta Sawila Teiwa Wersing Western Pantar Woisika
Asmat–Mombum	Buruwai Casuarina Coast Asmat Central Asmat North Asmat Citak Mombum Kamberau Kamoro Koneraw Sempan
West Bird's Head	Kalabra Kuwani Moi Moraid Seget Tehit
South Bird's Head	Arandai Dombano Duriankari † Inanwatan Kaburi Kais Kemberano Kokoda Konda Kovojab Puragi Yahadian
East Bird's Head	Hatam Mansim Meyah Moskona Sougb
West Bomberai	Baham Iha Karas
Dani	Grand Valley Dani Hupla Nduga Nggem Silimo Walak Wano Western Dani Yali
Paniai Lakes	Auye Dao Ekari Moni Wolani
Digul River	Aghu Awbono Bayono Densar Edera Jair Kombai Komyandaret Korowai Mandobo Pisa Sawi Shiaxa Tsaukambo Wambon
Foja Range	Airoran Bagusa Berik Betaf Bonerif Dabe Dineor Edwas Gresi Isirawa Itik Kapori Kauwera Keijar Kemtuik Kwerba Kwerba Mamberamo Kwesten Kwinsu Mander Massep Mawes † Mekwei Mlap Namblong Nimboran Orya Sause Oksapmin Samarokena Trimuris Vitou
Lakes Plain	Awera Biritai Doutai Duvle Eritai Fayu Foau Iau Kaiy Keuw Kirikiri Kwerisa Obokuitai Papasena Rasawa Sikaritai Tause Taworta Waritai
East Cenderawasih Bay	Baropasi Bauzi Burate Demisa Kofei Nisa-Anasi Sauri Tefaro Tunggare Woria
Yawa	Saweru Yawa
Demta–Sentani	Demta Nafri Sentani Tabla
Ok	Burumakok Faiwol Iwur Kopka Muyu Nakai Ngalum Ninggerum Tangko Tifal Yonggom
Momuna–Mek	Eipo Goliath Ketengban Kosarek Korupun Nalca Nipsan Somahai
Skou	Sangke Skou Wutung
South Pauwasi	Biksi-Yetfa Kembra Kimki Lepki Murkim
East Pauwasi	Emem Zorop
West Pauwasi	Namla Tebi Tofanma Towei Usku
Kaure–Kosare	Kaure Kosare
Marind–Yaqai	Bipim Marind Yaqay
Bulaka River	Maklew Yelmek
Kayagar	Atohwaim Kayagar Tamagario
Border	Awyi Elseng Taikat Manem Sowanda Viid Waris
Senagi	Dera
Mairasi	Mairasi Mer Semimi
Kolopom	Kimaghama Morori Ndom Riantana
Yam	Ngkolmpu Kanum Rema Smerki Tamer Yei
Lower Mamberamo	Warembori Yoke
Unclassfied or language isolates	Abinomn Abun Amung Burmeso Dem Kanum Maklew Maybrat Molof Momina Mor Mpur Pyu Saponi † Sumuri Tambora † Uhunduni

Other languages

Creoles andPidgins

Malay-based creoles	Alor Malay Ambonese Malay Aru Tenggara Jauh Banda Malay Balinese Malay Betawi Gorap Gorontalo Malay Kupang Malay Larantuka Malay Manado Malay Makassar Malay Maumere Malay North Moluccan Malay Sula Ternate Orang Pulo Papuan Malay Northwest Serui Peranakan Surabayan
Other creoles and pidgins	Belu Creole Portuguese Bidau Creole Portuguese † Flores Creole Portuguese † Javindo Mardijker † Petjo Pidgin Iha Pidgin Onin Pidgin Tukang Besi Portugis † Tansi Tiong Pa

Immigrant languages

Chinese	Cantonese Fuqing Fuzhounese Hainanese Hakka Acehnese Bangka-Belitung Pontianak Singkawang Haklau Hokkien Bagan Batam Medan Hinghwa Mandarin Indonesian Siantar Teochew Batam Jambi Ketapang Pontianak
European	Dutch Indonesian Dutch English Portuguese
Indian	Bengali Gujarati Odia Pali Punjabi Sanskrit Sindhi Tamil Telugu Urdu
Middle Eastern	Arabic Indonesian Arabic Hadhrami Arabic Modern Standard Arabic
Others	Tagalog Filipino Japanese Korean

Sign languages

† indicateextinct languages

Languages of Malaysia

Main

Official	Malaysian English comparison with British English Arabic

Families

Natives &
Indigenous

Nationwide	Malay
Peninsular Malaysia	Batek Cheq Wong Duanoʼ Jah Hut Jahai Jakun Jedek Johor–Riau Malay Johor Malay Malacca Malay Selangor Malay Judeo-Malay² Kedah Malay Kelantan–Pattani Malay Kenaboi¹ Kensiu Kintaq Kristang Lanoh Mah Meri Minriq Mintil Negeri Sembilan Malay Mos Orang Kanaq Orang Seletar Pahang Malay Perak Malay Reman Malay Sabüm¹ Semai Semaq Beri Semelai Semnam Southern Thai Temiar Temoq² Temuan Terengganu Malay Wila'¹
East Malaysia	Abai Bahau Bajau Belait Berawan Biatah Bintulu Bonggi Bookan Bruneian/Kedayan Malay Brunei Bisaya Bukar–Sadong Bukitan Coastal Kadazan Daro-Matu Dumpas Dusun Eastern Kadazan Ganaʼ Iban Idaʼan Jagoi Jangkang Kajaman Kalabakan Kanowit Kayan Kelabit Kendayan Keningau Murut Kinabatangan Kiput Klias River Kadazan Kota Marudu Talantang Kuijau Lahanan Lelak¹ Lengilu¹ Lotud Lun Bawang Mainstream Kenyah Melanau Momogun Murik Kayan Narom Nunukan Tidung Okolod Paluan Papar Punan Bah-Biau Punan Batu² Penan Remun Saʼban Sabah Bisaya Sama Sarawak Malay Sebop Sekapan Selungai Murut Sembakung Seru¹ Serudung Sian Sungai Tagol Timugon Tombonuwo Tring Tringgus Tutoh Ukit² Umaʼ Lasan

Significant
minority

Chinese	Sino-Tibetan Yue Cantonese Malaysian Cantonese Hakka Min Eastern Min Fuqing Fuzhou Hainanese Pu–Xian Min Southern Min Hokkien Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien Penang Hokkien Chaoshan Min Teochew Mandarin Chinese Malaysian Mandarin
Indian	Dravidian Malayalam Tamil Malaysian Tamil Telugu Indo-European Gujarati Hindi Punjabi Urdu
Indonesian archipelago	Acehnese Banjar Madurese Bawean Buginese Javanese Kerinci Mandailing Minangkabau Rawa
Philippine	Philippine Iranun Maranao Molbog Suluk
Others	Cham

Creoles

Mixed & Others

Immigrants

Signs

Main	Malaysian Sign Language Manually Coded Malay
By states	Penang Sign Language Selangor Sign Language

¹ Extinct languages
² Nearly extinct languages

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