| Kayan–Murik | |
|---|---|
| Kayan–Murik–Merap[1] | |
| Geographic distribution | centralBorneo (East Kalimantan,North Kalimantan,Sarawak, andWest Kalimantan) |
| Linguistic classification | Austronesian
|
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | kaya1336 |
TheKayan–Murik languages are a group ofAustronesian languages spoken inBorneo by theKayan, Murik, andBahau peoples.
The Kayan–Murik languages include:
Smith (2017, 2019) classifies the Kayanic languages as follows:[1][2]
In all Kayan–Murik languages, final vowels*-a,*-i, and*-u are closed with a glottal stop (similar toBanyumasan or Ngapak dialect of Javanese). This process resulted-aʔ,-eʔ, and-oʔ in most languages, but two latter outcomes are instead-ayʔ and-awʔ in Merap.[3]
However, the Kayan–Murik languages have different treatments regarding syllables ending in*-ʔ (inherited fromPMP*-q). Data Dian Kayan (DDK) and Bahau lengthen PMP*-aq into-aːʔ (but-iʔ and-uʔ), Busang simply retains the glottal stops without any lengthening, meanwhile, Long Naah Kayan (LNK) and Balui Liko Kayan (BLK) deleted*-q altogether.[4]
Original final voiced stops have been altered to some extent in the Kayan–Murik languages. In LNK and DDK,*-b and*-d became nasalised into-m and-n, respectively (similar toKaro Batak). Meanwhile, in BLK and Busang, both are lenited into-v and-r. However, in Bahau, Ngorek, and Merap, the outcomes of final voiced stops are more variable, with*-bdevoiced into-p, but*-d evolved into-l (Bahau), and then nasalised into-n (Ngorek and Merap).[5]
In DDK, BLK, and additionally Uma Juman Kayan (UJK), vowels*a and*i werebroken intoeə andiə, before velar consonants*k or*ŋ (*anak 'child' →aneək).[6]
In Bahau, PMP*s wasdebuccalised toh in all positions (eventually merging with the outcome of PMP*ʀ), while*zchain shifted tos. In other languages,*s was only debuccalised in initial, or final position; therefore, it is still retained in the medial position (merging with medial*-z-). Meanwhile, initial*z- becamej- instead in these languages. However, in BLK and Busang,*-s was further deleted in the final position, but this rule did not apply for*-ʀ, nor the sequence*əs in Busang. Because of this, Alexander D. Smith speculates that the Proto-Kayanic outcome for PMP*z is*c, while*s remains unchanged.[7]
| PMP | → | Daughter |
|---|---|---|
| *pusuʔ 'heart' | Bahaupuhuʔ | |
| *uzan 'rain' | Bahauusan | |
| *bətis 'calf' | Busangbəti | |
| *hapəjəs 'smarting pain' | Busangpərah | |
| *qitəluʀ 'egg' | Busangtəloh |
In most Kayan–Murik languages, such sequences (*mb,*nd,*nj,*ŋg) have evolved into*b,*d,*j,*g, by deleting the homorganic nasals.[8] This change followed the lenition of medial*-b- and*-d- into-v- (-f- in DDK and Bahau) and-r- in Kayan languages.[8] However, in Murik and Merap, they merged with*mp,*nt,*nc,*ŋk, with devoiced plosives.[9]
