| Katso | |
|---|---|
| Kazhuo, Khatso | |
| Native to | China |
| Ethnicity | Khatso |
Native speakers | 5,432 (2010)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | kaf |
| Glottolog | kats1235 |
| ELP | |
Katso, also known asKazhuo orKhatso (autonyms:kʰɑ⁵⁵tso³¹,kɑ⁵⁵tso³¹;Chinese:卡卓), is aLoloish language of Xingmeng Township (兴蒙乡),Tonghai County,Yunnan, China. The speakers are officially classified as ethnicMongols, although they speak aLoloish language. Over 99% of the residents township speak Katso, and Katso is used as a means of daily communication, though it is fading amongst younger speakers.
Katso speakers call themselveskʰɑ⁵⁵tso³¹ (卡卓) orkɑ⁵⁵tso³¹ (嘎卓) (Kazhuoyu Yanjiu).
Katso is young, being no older than 750 years old.[3] Lama (2012) lists the following sound changes fromProto-Loloish as Kazhuoish innovations.
The consonants for Katso according to Donlay (2019) are as follows:[3]
| Labial | Alveolar | (Alveolo-) | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | sibilant | ||||||
| Nasal | voiced | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Stop/ | unvoiced | p | t | ts | tɕ | k | |
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | tsʰ | tɕʰ | kʰ | ||
| Fricative | unvoiced | f | s | ɕ | x | h | |
| voiced | v | z | ɣ | ||||
| Approximant | voiced | l | j | w | |||
Consonants may not appear as clusters, and there are no coda consonants in Katso. The consonants /m/ and /ŋ/ can serve as syllable nuclei. Some authors like Mu (2002) and Dai (2008) describe an additional phoneme /ʑ/.
Katso does not exhibit certain vowel qualities common in other Loloish languages likenasal vowels or the laryngeally-constricted vowels found in Nuosu.
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | |||
| Syllabic Consonant | z̩ v̩ | |||
| Close | i | ɯ | ||
| Mid | ɛ | ɤ | ɔ | |
| Low | a | |||
The two fricated vowels, /z̩/ (transcribed as /ɿ/ inSinologist convention) and /v̩/ are described by Donlay (2019) as being a high central apical vowel and a high central fricative vowel respectively. The two both exhibit high degrees of turbulence and frication. The phoneme /z̩/ may only occur after /s, z, ts, tsʰ/, and contrasts with /i/ (seetsz̩⁵³ "basket" /tsi⁵³ "to cut (with scissors)". The high central fricative /v̩/, compared to its fricative counterpart /v/, is pronounced with the articulators more open forming a more resonant quality. In some instances it may lose sufficient frication to be similar to [u] or [ʋ].[3]
Donlay identifies 8diphthongs, /iɛ ia io ɛi uo ua ui au/ and twotriphthongs /iau uɛi uai/, out of which /io/, /ia/, and /uai/ mainly occur in loanwords fromChinese.[3]
Katso has eighttones, three level tonemes (55, 44, 33), two rising tones (35, 24), two falling tones (53, 31) and a "peaking" low-falling-rising tone. The 44 toneme only occurs in a scant few words, mostly of Mandarin Chinese origin.[3]
https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/10911
Sino-Tibetan branches | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WesternHimalayas (Himachal, Uttarakhand,Nepal,Sikkim) |
|  | |||
| EasternHimalayas (Tibet,Bhutan,Arunachal) | |||||
| Myanmar and Indo- Burmese border |
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| East andSoutheast Asia |
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| Dubious (possible isolates,Arunachal) |
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| Proposed groupings | |||||
| Proto-languages | |||||
Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches. | |||||